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Cells and Stuff

QuestionAnswer
What are the tail-like appendages which propel bacteria called? Flagella (Sing. Flagellum)
What are the small, bristle-like appendages that help bacteria attach to surfaces called? Fimbriae
What are the conjugation pili? ridged tubular structures bacteria use to pass DNA to one another.
Which protein in the plasma membrane forms a tunnel specific to one type of molecule to transverse the plasma membrane? Channel Protein
Which protein moves ions or molecules through the membrane by combining with the substance? Transport protein.
Which proteins are glycoproteins? Cell-recognition proteins.
This protein has a specified shape which allows a signal molecules to bind with it. Then it changes its shape and initiates a cellular response. Receptor protein.
This protein participates directly in metabolic reactions. Enzymatic Proteins.
This protien keeps the bladder from falling apart when it is full. Junction protein.
This protein is needed for cells to perform synthetic reactions. Enzymatic proteins
These proteins assist in cell-to-cell communication and adhesion. What are they Junction proteins
Short chains of sugars are attached to the outer surfaces of some proteins. This forms what? glycoproteins.
Eukaryotic cells often have projections to increase something that helps them to function. What is it? Prokaryotic cells don't have these projections because of their minute size. Surface area.
Which type of cell reproduces more rapidly? Prokaryotes.
What are the small particles that synthesize proteins? Ribosomes.
This organelle system has its own set of enzymes. It produces its own products, and tranports them in small vesicles. The endomembrane system.
The energy-related organelles are what? Chloroplasts and Mitochondria.
Energy-related organelles contain two things. DNA and ribosomes.
This is a lattice of filaments and tubules that maintains the shape of the cell wall and assists in the movement of organelles. Cytoskeleton.
This stores genetic information. Nucleus or nucleolus, depending on the type of cell.
Genetic information is used by the ribosomes to carry out what? Protein synthesis.
The nucleus is filled with what substance? A semi-fluid nucleoplasm.
Chromatin is what? A network of strands of DNA.
What does the chromatin do just before a cell divides? Condenses into chromasomes.
Chromatin is composed of what? DNA
DNA is organized into what? Genes.
What do genes code for? A polypeptide.
Coded DNA information is moved to ribosomes by what? mRNA
This is a dark center within the nucleus, containing rRNA. The Nucleolus.
rRNA joins with what in protein synthesis? First protein, then mRNA.
This begins polypeptide snynthesis. rRNA joins with protein in the nucleolus. mRNA is produced in the nucleus, and exits into the cytoplasm. rRNA meets up with it.
Where is mRNA produced? The nucleus.
What seperates the nucleus from the cytoplasm? The nuclear envelope.
In which kind of cell do ribosomes occur freely within the cytoplasm? Eukaryotic cells.
When ribosomes occur in groups in the cytoplasm, it is called a what? Polyribosome.
This organelle is composed of many saccules and channels and is physically continuous with the nuclear envelope. Endoplasmic reticulum
Why is the rough ER able to synthesize polypeptides? It is studded with ribosomes on the side of the membrane that is exposed to the cytoplasm.
What part of the ER sometimes modifies proteins? The lumen.
What does the smooth ER synthesize? Lipids such as phospholipids and steroids.
In the liver, the smooth ER does what? Helps detoxify drugs.
Regardless of the specialized function, there is one thing the smooth ER always does. Forms transport vesicles that carry molecules to other parts of the cell.
What organelle forms transport vesicles? The smooth and rough ER.
What does the Golgi Apparatus do first? It recieves transport vesicles sent to it by the smooth ER.
When the Golgi Apparatus recieves a vesicle, what happens to it inside the saccules? They are modified. Eg. Sugars may be removed or added to proteins.
What does the Golgi Apparatus do last? It sorts the modified molecules, packages them.
Outgoing transport vesicles may go to which two places? The ER, or the Plasma Membrane.
This is when cells discharge their molecules. Secretion.
These vesicles digest molecules outside the cell, and even portions of the actual cell. Lysosomes.
Vacuoles are like vesicles, but they are... Bigger.
What is the function of vacuoles? Storage of nutrients or other substances.
Which kind of cell rarely has vacuoles? Animal cells.
Which ER does not contain ribosomes? The smooth ER.
The large inner space of a chloroplast is called the what? Stroma
These are disk like sacs formed from the third membrane of the cloroplast. Thylakoids.
Where are the pigments that capture solar energy located? In the thylakoid membrane.
Where are the enzymes that synthesize carbohydrates located in the chloroplast? In the stroma.
Which is bigger, the Mitochondria or the Chloroplast? The chloroplast.
The inner membrane of the mitochondria is what? Highly convoluted into folds called Cristae.
What is the function of the cristae of the mitochondria? To increase the surface area of the inner membrane, and to sythesize ATP.
This organelle is the 'powerhouse' Mitochondria
What is the matrix An inner membrane of the mitochondria which contains many enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates, so that ATP can be synthesized.
What is cellular respiration? The complete breakdown of carbohydrates.
After cellular respiration, what is given off, and what is needed? Oxygen is needed and carbon dioxide is given off.
The matrix also contains something that is evidence that mitochondria have a similar origin to chloroplasts. Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes.
Which cells have mitochondria? Almost all Eukaryotic cells.
The cytoskeleton expands from where, to where, in Eukaryotic cells? From the nucleus to the plasma membrane.
Unlike animal skeleton, the cytoskeleton is dynamic. What does that mean? Its elements can be quickly disassembled and reassembled as needed.
Created by: Lestrade
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