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Study Guide
Micro Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| opportunistic pathogen | can cause disease when the host's defenses are compromised or when they b/c established in a part of the body not known to them |
| 2 examples of opportunistic pathogens are | candida albicans and pseudomonas |
| nosocomial infections | are not present upon admission to a hospital but are incurred during treatment there |
| 5 major symptoms of inflammation | fever, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function |
| exotoxins that lyse RBC's are called | hemolysins |
| what host protein maintains a low availability of iron in the body? | transferrin |
| two phagocytic cell types | neutrophils & macrophages |
| immunogloblin produced during the primary response | IgM |
| which type of vaccine has a capsular polysaccharide linked to a protein antigen? | conjugated |
| which bacterial toxin produces only gram negative bacteria? | Endotoxin |
| how do Salk and Sabin polio vaccines differ? | Salk;injectable (IPV) inactivated (dead)::::Sabin attenuated (live) oral=sabin provides protection through the blood stream and through the mucosa at portals of entry and exit |
| What do the polio vaccines have in common? | both eliminate polio in the individual |
| When you have alternatives, why choose one over the other? | in the case of polio vaccination Salk vaccine provides individual protection; but Sabin vaccine allows protection for masses b/c portals of entry and exit are targeted, Sabin prevents epidemics |
| DTaP vaccine is for= | Diptheria, Tetanus,and acellular Pertussis |
| provide 3 examples of how the two available flu vaccines differ | Flumist;nasal spray, attenuated vaccine, alternative to injection, only recommended for healthy adults, more expensive::::Fluzone=injection, inactivated, least expensive of the two options |
| what is a conjugated vaccine? | (blank) |
| two reasons conjugated vaccines are used to protect against infant meningitis= | (blank) |
| Three attributes of skin that make it your best defense against infection | keratinized (waterproof), provides barrier when intact, contains normal flora bacteria, is naturally acidic |
| two approaches to prevent vector transmission that do not include vaccination or chemotherapy | insect spray, eliminate sources of standing water |
| Endotoxins are | gram negative, |
| Modes of transmission | air, contact, vector, vehicle |
| resp droplets | air |
| unprotected sex, kissing | contact |
| ticks, fleas | vector |
| contaminated blood transfusion | vehicle |
| two ways individuals acquire normal flora | colonized at birth through the birth canal, then through breast milk, bottles, contact with people and objects |
| artificial active immunity | childhood imm's |
| artificial passive | temporary immunity achieved by iv administration of antibiotics |
| natural active immunity | infection and recovery = long term immunity -example is chicken pox |
| natural passive immunity | mother to baby thought placenta; short lived |
| B lymphocytes | antigenic stimulation causes cells to differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies that recognize foreign antigens |
| cytotoxic T cells | antigenic stimulation causes cells to release destructive enzymes to lyse host cells that are infected by viruses or intracellular bacteria |
| helper T cells | upon stimulation by APC's cells differentiate into effector cells that coordinate the immune response by stimulating other immune cells with chemical messengers called cytokines |
| examples of diseases that can persist as bacterial latency are | TB & syphilis |
| chicken pox & cold sores are examples viral latency-when the virus reemerges it is in the form of | shingles |
| WBC's Defense System | basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils |
| basophils | triggers inflammation response |
| basophils are filled with | granules containing histamines |
| basophils move into tissue by | diapedesis and b/c mast cells |
| Eosinophils are associated with | inflammation and allergies |
| eosinophils attack and destroy | eukaryotic pathogens |
| Eosinophils are present in the | bone marrow and spleen |
| eosinophils have a ----nucleus | bi lobed |
| Neutrophils circulate | in the bloodstream and tissues |
| Neutrophils nucleus is | horseshoe shaped or polymorphic |
| In the inflammatory process Neutrophils are the | first responders |
| Neutrophils phagocytize | bacteria |
| Leukocytes in the WBC defense system are | Granulocytic |
| In the WBC defense system MTB's are | a'granulocytic |
| Exotoxins are secreted | from living cells and disrupt intracellular function |
| Exotoxins may originate in | gram - or gram + cells |
| Exotoxins are toxic in | minute amounts; they are deadly |
| Exotoxins target | specific cell types=blood, liver and nerves |
| Diseases caused by exotoxins are | diphtheria, botulism, tetanus |
| Exo | Ex(o)=outside |
| Exogenous infections | originate from a source outside the body. May gain access through any of the normal portals of entry or may be an insect bite, scrape or cut in the skin |
| Endo | (en)=inside |
| endogenous infections originate | within an organism or its part. endogenous infections can occur when NF is introduced to a previously sterile site. EX is when E. coli enters the bladder and results in a UTI |
| Endotoxins are actually a | LPS chemical found in the outer membrane of a gram negative cell wall |
| Endotoxins are released | by dead cells-may be toxic in large amounts |
| Endotoxins are only produced by | gram negative bacteria |
| Endotoxins produce_______ effect. | a systemic effect=inflammation, fever |
| Endotoxins in blood can lead to | fatal exotoxic shock OR salmonella, shigella, E. coli, N. meningitidis |
| Monocytes are | agranulocytic; they are attracted to the site of inflammation and differentiate into macrophages to clean up |
| T-cells originate in the | bone marrow and migrate to the thymus to await their calling |
| Exotoxins can be converted into | a toxoid for vaccine purposes |
| modes of transmission | vector, vehicle, contact, air |
| Air | respiratory droplets |
| contact | unprotected sex, kissing |
| vehicle | contaminated blood |
| vector | ticks, fleas |
| MHC | major histocompatablilty complex |
| It's role is to -- | distinguish self from non self |
| MHC-1 | self, all nucleated cells |
| MHC-2 | non self, macrophages, dendritic cells |
| analogy for MHC | wearing team uniforms |
| what is a conjugated vaccine | a vaccine consisting of more than one antigen. For example, the MMR vaccine is a conjugated vaccine consisting of antigens specific for measles, mumps, and rubella. |
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nana
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