Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio Exam1
Ch.22, 23, 24
| Vocabulary | Definition |
|---|---|
| biology | The scientific study of life |
| fact | An actual occurrence, an observation |
| scientific method | A method involving observations, questions, hypothesis, predictions, and tests |
| hypothesis | A tentative answer to question using deductive reasoning = IF /THEN must be testable |
| logic | The study of reasoning its the tool for distinguishing between the true and the false |
| inductive reasoning | A type of logic that draws general conclusions from specific examples |
| deductive reasoning | A logic that draws specific results from general premises using the "if....then" process |
| evolution (as a fact) | This is the changes in gene frequency over time (a pattern) |
| theory of evolution | Mechanisms that produce patterns of change involving descent with modification |
| theory | An explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence; its a highly successful hypothesis, makes predictions and can be tested |
| Lamarck | An evolutionist who developed wrong predictions such as the inheritance of acquired characteristics and the use and disuse system although with this he was the first to propose a hypothesis of evolution |
| Linneaus | A creationist who sought to classify life's diversity for the "greater glory of God." He developed the classification system naming organisms by genus and species which is still used today. He is known as the "father of taxonomy" |
| Hutton | An evolutionist who believes that what is seen in geology is attributable in part to a slow and continual process that accumulates over time and that continues to occur which is also known as geological gradualism |
| Cuvier | A creationist who uncovered fossils, which led him finding intermediate forms and evidence of extinction he is also known as the "father of paleontology" who developed the theory of catastrophism |
| Malthus | An evolutionist who developed the process that populations tend to grow exponentially if there are unlimited resources which will later lead to limited resources this could also be known as the "survival of the fittest" (fitness=ability to reproduce) |
| Lyell | An evolutionist who was a devout christian he believed that what is seen in geology is attributable in part to slow and continual processes that accumulate over time and that continue to occur at the same rate also known as uniformitarianism |
| Wallace | An evolutionist who developed the same hypothesis of natural selection in the late 1850's forcing Darwin to publish his work |
| Darwin | An evolutionist who was an anglican who studied theology to become a clergyman before his journey on the Beagle. There in the Galapagos Islands he developed "Origin of Species" containing natural selection and descent with modification |
| Galapagos | An island where there were species not found on mainland and species different on each island but similar to other islands such as the Finches; the Origin of Species was developed from this |
| strata | Layers of deposited sediment that are compressed together |
| scala naturae | The arrangement of organisms on a ladder of increasing complexity developed by Aristotle |
| endemic | The belonging to or prevalent to a particular place, region, population or ecology said of a disease or agent |
| population | A group of organisms of one species, living in a certain area |
| adaptation | The inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and fitness in specific environments |
| fitness | Known as the survival and reproduction that is relative to others in a population |
| species | An individual belonging to a group of organisms or to the entire group itself, having common characteristics and usually capable of mating with one another |
| microevolution | The changing in allele frequencies such as mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, and natural selection |
| macroevolution | Evolution of one species changing into another (Gould & Eldredge 1972) |
| artificial selection | More commonly known as selective breeding, where professionals study the genotype and phenotype of parent organisms in the hope of producing a hybrid that possesses many of the desirable characteristics found in their parents |
| biogeography | The geographic distribution of species supports the evolutionary origin of biodiversity an example is an islands population is similar to a population on the nearby mainland |
| homology | Species with similar structure and with similar function due to common ancestry |
| vestigial structure | A structure that is not used or important and example would be the tailbone of a human or wings of birds that cant fly |
| convergent evolution | A kind of evolution where different groups of organisms have similar adaptations because they live in similar environments |
| punctuated equilibrium | A theory that describes an evolutionary change happening rapidly in brief geological events in between the long periods of equilibrium |
| phylogenetics | The study where if two species share a common ancestor they are the same species |
| epigenetics | The study of inherited (heritable) changes in a species that are not due to genetics |
| horizontal gene transfer | Any process in which an individual incorporates genetic material from another individual without being the offspring of that individual |
| evo-devo | Involves the evolution and development to where small changes in developmental genes can lead to large phenotypic changes also known as evolutionary developmental biology |
| mutation | A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA by either insertion, deletion, substitution, or silent |
| silent mutation | A mutation that doesn't change the phenotype |
| point mutation | A mutation where a single change is made in the nucleotide |
| meiosis | A form of cell division happening in sexually reproducing organisms by which two nuclear divisions occur leading to the production of four haploid gametes |
| independent assortment | This increases variation, it is the process of random segregation and assortment of chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis resulting in the production of genetically unique gametes |
| crossing over | This increases variation, it is the process occurring during meiosis where two chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of their genetic material |
| gene | A stretch of DNA that codes for a sequence of amino acids. |
| chromosome | This contains many genes, its a strand of DNA |
| diploid | Having two sets of chromosomes |
| alleles | The alternate forms of a gene |
| locus | The position occupied by a gene on the chromosome |
| homozygous | Two alleles at a locus that are the same |
| heterozygous genotype | Two pairs of alleles at a locus that are different |
| dominant allele | An allele that overpowers recessive alleles |
| recessive allele | An allele that is lower than dominant alleles |
| codominant | A heterozygous allele that is intermediate of homozygous |
| phenotypic plasticity | Gene expression that can be environmentally dependent |
| gene flow | Movement of alleles among populations also known as migration |
| genetic drift | A change in gene frequencies due to random chance, chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next it mainly occurs in small populations |
| punnet square | A box to figure out heredity of genetic traits, Hardy Weinberg was built off of this |
| positive assortative mating | When individuals prefer mating with another individual of the same genotype (like mates with like) |
| negative assortative mating | When individuals prefer mating with another individual with a different genotype this is also known as disassortative mating |
| inbreeding | mating with genetic relatives |
| bottleneck effect | a severe drop in population size |
| founder effect | occurs when a new population is started by only a few individuals that do not represent the gene pool of the larger source population |
| relative fitness | contribution to the next generation relative to others in the population |
| directional selection | occurs when selection favors one extreme trait value over the other extreme. This typically results in a change in the mean value of the trait under selection. |
| disruptive selection | occurs when selection favors the extreme trait values over the intermediate trait values. In this case the variance increases as the population is divided into two distinct groups. |
| stabilizing selection | occurs when selection favors the intermediate trait value over the extreme values. Populations under this type of selection typically experience a decrease in the amount of additive genetic variation for the trait under selection |
| adaptive evolution | only evolutionary mechanism that consistently increases match between organism and its environment |
| heterozygote advantage | heterozygotes have better fitness than either homozygote |
| neutral variation | variation with no selective advantage such as silent mutations |
| frequency dependent selection | fitness of a phenotype decreases when it becomes common in the population |
| sexual dimorphism | differences in secondary sexual characteristics between the sexes |
| secondary sexual characteristics | traits that are either masculine or feminine |
| heterogamy | difference in the size of male and female gametes |
| gametic investment | sperm are cheaper than eggs |
| intrasexual selection | mating success determined by within-sex interactions e.g., male-male combat |
| intersexual selection | mating success determined by between-sex interactions e.g., female choice of males |
| Fisher's runaway hypothesis | Traits originally conferred a survival advantage. Once female preference evolved, any genes (even if better for survival!) that compromised attractiveness would not be passed on because surviving males would fail to mate |
| Zahavi's handicap hypthesis | Extravagant male traits are costly to develop and maintain Choosing a mate with “good genes” requires an honest signal of genetic quality. Only males in good condition (those with good genes) will be able to fully develop and maintain an ornament |
| ring species | A series of neighboring populations, each of which can interbreed with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two "end" populations in the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed |
| cline | A graded change in a character along a geographical axis |
| morphological species concept | A concept that characterizes a species by morphological characteristics such as shape, structure, etc. |
| ecological species concept | A concept where species are recognized by its ecological niche |
| phylogenetic species concept | A concept where the smallest group of individuals share a common ancestor |
| biological species concept | A concept where a group of populations can interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring but do not produce viable fertile offpsring with individuals from other groups |
| reproductive isolation | Biological factors that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile offpsring |
| prezygotic barrier | Occurs before fertilization where it impedes mating or hinders fertilization if mating occurs |
| postzygotic barrier | Occurs after fertilization where it prevents hybrid zygotes from developing into viable, fertile adults |
| habitat isolation | Two species encounter each other rarely, or not at all, because they occupy different habitats, even though they are not isolated by physical barriers |
| temporal isolation | Two species encounter each other rarely, or not at all, because they breed at different times of the day such as different seasons or different years |
| behavioral isolation | Winter courtship rituals and other behaviors can be unique to a species where it allows mate recognition which is a way to identify mates of the same species |
| mechanical isolation | Morphological mates that prevent successful mating when attempted |
| gametic isolation | Sperm of one species can not fertilize eggs of another |
| reduced hybrid viability | Offspring has impaired development that does not allow it to survive out of the womb |
| reduced hybrid fertility | Offspring that are sterile and cannot reproduce |
| hybrid breakdown | The first generation of hybrids are viable and fertile but second generation is weak or sterile and continues if they reproduce |
| allopatric speciation | A new species that forms while geographically isolated |
| sympatric speciation | A new species that forms without geographical isolation |
| adaptive radiation | A rapid evolutionary radiation characterized by an increase in the morphological and ecological diversity of a single lineage |
| habitat selection | Genetic factors that enable a subpopulation to exploit a habitat or resource that is not used by the rest of the population |
| hybrid zone | An area where the ranges of two interbreeding species meet |
| reinforcement | Increase in reproductive barriers (more often prezygotic) |
| fusion | If hybrids are as fit or more fit than parents, there can be substantial gene flow between species also if the gene flow is great enough, the parent species can fuse into a single species |
| stability | Where gene flow prevents selection reproductive barriers, this is very rare |
| anagenesis | A transformation of one species to another in a single lineage which occurs through accumulation of heritable traits |
| cladogenesis | A branching of one or more new species from a parent species |
Created by:
ansecaballero
Popular Biology sets