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MC Bio 203 ch 1
the microbial world
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| prokaryotes | no nucleus | two major types: bacteria and archaea |
| peptidoglycan | a carbohydrate-protein complex that is the major component of bacterial cell walls |
| three typical bacterial shapes | bacillus (rodlike) | coccus (spherical or ovoid) | spiral (corkscrew or curved) |
| pronunciation of archaea | ar'-kee-a |
| archaea | consist of prokaryotic cells with no peptidoglycan in cell walls (some have no walls at all) | not known to case disease | L/extreme environments |
| three types of archaea | methanogens (produce methane as respiratory waste) | extreme halophiles (in extremely salty enviros) | extreme thermophiles |
| eukaryotes | organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing DNA |
| fungi | eukaryotes whose cell walls are primarily composed of chitin | cannot photosynthesize | can reproduce sexually or asexually |
| yeasts | unicellular fungi |
| molds | the most common form of fungus | form visible masses called mycelia |
| slime molds | organisms that have characteristics of both fungi and amoebas |
| protozoa | unicellular eukaryotic microbes that move via pseudopods, flagella, or cilia | live either as free entities or parasites | can reproduce sexually or asexually |
| algae | photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes | many have cell walls composed of cellulose |
| viruses | tiny acellular microbes | contain a core made of only one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA | can reproduce only with the cellular machinery of other organisms |
| helminths | parasitic worms | two major types: roundworms and flatworms |
| protists | term for group that includes slime molds, protozoa, and algae |
| four major types of eukaryotes | protists, fungi, plants, and animals |
| three domains of cellular organisms | bacteria, archaea, eukayra |
| Robert Hooke | his 1665 microscopic observations marked the beginning of cell theory |
| Anton von Leeuwenhoek | a pioneer of microscopy | believed to have been the first person to see living microorganisms |
| spontaneous generation | the belief that some forms of life could arise from nonliving matter |
| Francesco Redi | a 17c critic of the theory of spontaneous generation | did experiment on decaying meat, sealing some from flies |
| biogenesis | the claim that living cells arise only from pre-existing living cells |
| Louis Pasteur | in 1861, completed experiments that proved the theory of biogenesis |
| fermentation | the process through which yeasts convert sugars into alcohols in the absence of air |
| Koch's postulates | a series of experimental steps for linking a particular microorganism to a particular disease (from Robert Koch, German 19c) |
| Joseph Lister | an English physician | in 1860s, experimented with phenol solutions to kill bacteria and reduce infection |
| Edward Jenner | English physician who pioneered vaccination, even before germ theory was widely understood (first experiments with cowpox/smallpox in 1796) |
| Alexander Fleming | Scottish physician who in 1920s serendipitously found that the Pennicilium genus of molds inhibit bacterial growth |
| mycology | the study of fungi |
| parasitology | the study of protozoa and parasitic worms |
| bioremediation | the process of using microorganisms to break down toxins and pollutants |
| normal microbiota | the typical set of benign microbes carried by humans |
| biofilm | an aggregation of microbes, often on a solid surface |
| Staphylococcus aureus | an infectious bacterium that is becoming more antibiotic-resistant |
| MRSA | methicillin-resistant S. aureus (emerged in 1980s) |
| VRSA | vanocymin-resistant S. aureus (first reported in U.S. in 2002) |
| E. coli O157:H7 | a destructive strain of Escherichia coli that causes bloody diarrhea |
| IGAS | invasive group A. streptococcus, commonly known as flesh-eating bacteria |
Created by:
dglenn34
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