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Pharmfinal.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What two antibiotics can undergo chelation and irreversibly bind to Al/Mg/Ca/Fe containing medications causing a reduced amount of the drug being absorbed? | Tetracycline doxycycline |
| What is the effect when two drugs combine and you get equal responses of the drug (1+1=2) | Addative |
| What is the effect when two drugs combine and you get an enchanced effect (1+0=2) | Potentiation |
| After how many half-lives will you reach steady state? | 4-5 |
| Which is a prodrug (which doesn't have activity until its metabolized in the liver): Lisinopril or enalapril? | enalapril. |
| What is the prodrug that when applied to the cornea gets converted to amfenac, a NSAID | nepafenac |
| What is the definition for drugs that undergo metabolism via phase 1 reactions? | drugs are oxidized/reduced to a more polar form |
| What is the definition for drugs that undergo metabolism via phase 2 reactions? | A polar molecular group is conjugated to the drug, which increases its polarity. |
| What are the phase 1 oxidation reactions? (4) | Dealkylation, oxidation, hydroxylation, polarizing atom exchange |
| What are the phase 1 reduction reactions? (2) | Azo-reduction, nitro-reduction |
| Which is a prodrug (which doesn't have activity until its metabolized in the liver): Lisinopril or enalapril? | enalapril. |
| What is the prodrug that when applied to the cornea gets converted to amfenac, a NSAID | nepafenac |
| What is the definition for drugs that undergo metabolism via phase 1 reactions? | drugs are oxidized/reduced to a more polar form |
| What is the definition for drugs that undergo metabolism via phase 2 reactions? | A polar molecular group is conjugated to the drug, which increases its polarity. |
| What are the phase 1 oxidation reactions? (4) | Dealkylation, oxidation, hydroxylation, polarizing atom exchange |
| What are the phase 1 reduction reactions? (2) | Azo-reduction, nitro-reduction |
| What are the phase 2 reactions? (5) | Glucuronide conjugation, ethereal sulfate conjugation, acetylation, transulfuration, glutathione conjugation |
| What is the term for the amount of drug required to produce 50% of the maximal response? This term is used to compare drugs in the same class. | Drug potency |
| What is the term for the degree to which a drug is able to produce maximal effects(1 drug might need 10mg to reduce BP by 10 and drug 2 might need 100mg to produce the same amount. This term is used to compared drugs with different methods of action. | drug efficacy |
| What is the pregnancy category where animal studies have not demonstrated fetal risk, and there have been no studies in women? | B |
| What is the pregnancy category where there are adverse effects in animal studies, but no studies have occured in women, or no studies are available? | C |
| What is the pregnancy category where human fetal risk exists, but it might be used if the mom is in a life-threatening situation. | D |
| Phenylephrine should not be used within 21 days of what? | MOA-inhibitor |
| If a patient uses methimazole, what are they being treated for? | Hyper-thyroidism |
| If a patient uses methimazole what should you look for in the eye | bleeding episodes |
| What is the drug of choice for hypo-thyroidism? | levothyroxine |
| What are the ADEs of levothyroxine? | chest pain, diarrhea, leg cramps, appetite change, tremor, headache, irritabiliy, insomnia, change in sensitivity to heat, fast/irregular heart rate. |
| What are the 4 fast acting insulins? | Aspart, lispro, glulisine, regular |
| What are the 2 long activing insulins? | Glargine, detemir |
| What are two drugs for type 2 diabeties that can cause changes in accomodation and blurred vision? | glipizide, glimepiride |
| What is a drug for type 2 diabeties which works by improving insulin sensitivity and is used for pre-diabetics as well? | metformin |
| What is a drug for diabeties that can cause macular edema and decreased visual acuity? | Pioglitazone |
| What are the ADEs of pioglitazone? | edema, weight gain, induce CHF, tooth disorders, headache, myalgia, sinusitis, anemia. |
| What are 2 drugs for asthma/COPD/emphysema which are B2 adrenergic receptor agonists? | albuterol, pirbuterol |
| What is a drug for COPD that can cause blurred vision and should be used in caution with people with narrow angle glaucoma? | tiotropium |
| corticosteroids such as prednisone cause what in the eye? | blurred vision and an increase in IOP. |
| What are two drugs for asthma that can cause blurred vision and an increase in IOP and an increased risk of oral thrush? | flunisolide, fluticasone |
| Which drug for asthma can cause strange headaches and should be cautioned in kids/teens because it can increase the risk for suicide? | montelukast |
| What 4 bacteria have no cell wall? | legionella, rickettsiae, chlamydia, mycoplasma |
| What is the lowest in-vitro concentration of an antibiotic that prevents/inhibits growth of bacteria? | minimum inhibitory concentration |
| What causes blepharitis? | Staph aureus, staph epidermis, seborrhea, dry eye, rosacea |
| What causes a hordeolum? | Staph aureus |
| What causes bacterial conjunctivitis? | Staph aureus, strep pneumoniae, hemophilus influenzae, N. gonorrheae, C. trachomatis |
| What causes bacterial keratitis? | Staph aureus, staph epidermis, strep pneumoniae, listeria, group A strep, enterobacteriaceae |
| What causes viral conjunctivitis? | Herpes simplex, adenovirus |
| what causes viral keratitis? | Herpes simplex, varicella-zoster |
| How do penecillins inhibit bacteria? | inhibit cell wall synthesis |
| What is dicloxacillin useful against? | strep and staph |
| What is amoxicllin useful against? | strep, staph, listeria, few gram negative rods and cocci |
| What is amoxicllin not useful against? | pseudomonas |
| How do tetracyclines inhibit bacteria? | inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30-s ribosome |
| What are tetracyclines useful against? | some gram positive, listeria, some gram negative like meningitidis, ligionella,. Good for mycoplasm, chlamydia, rickettsia. |
| ODs should only prescribe tetracycline for what? | chlamydial (trachoma) inclusion conjunctivitis |
| How do macrolides inhibit bacteria? | inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 50-s ribosome |
| What are macrolides good at treating? | mycoplasm, chlamydia, rickettsia, clostridia. |
| What do macrolides have some activity against? | Group streps, pneumoniae, MSSA, listeria, meningitidis, catarrhalis, influenzae, legionella |
| What is azithromycin limitied to treating in california? | eyelid infections and chlamydial disease |
| What are the ADEs of macrolides? | hepatitis, jaundice, renal complications, GI, ototoxicity, allergic reactions |
| macrolides should not be given to a patient also taking what? | blood thinners |
| What is clonidine used for? | HT |
| What can clonidine cause in the eye? | blurred vision, conjunctivitis, dry eye |
| What is doxazosin used for? | HT |
| What is terazosin used for? | HT |
| What is tamsulosin used for? | HT |
| What three drugs can cause blurred vision and conjunctivitis in the eye but not dryness? | terazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin |
| What is a direct vasodilator used for HT? | hydralazine |
| What are four beta blockers used for HT? | carvedilol, sotalol, metoprolol, atenolol |
| What are the uses of beta blockers? | HT, arrhythmias, angina, glaucoma, migranes, MI prevention, CHF maintenance |
| What is diltiazem used for? | HT, angina, tachycardia |
| What is amlodipine used for? | HT, angina, tachycardia |
| name 2 calcium channel blockers | amlodinpine, diltiazem |
| What is lisinopril used for? | HT, CHF MI |
| What is an ace-inhibitor that can cause blurry vision? | lisinopril |
| What is losartan used for? | HT |
| What is valsartan used for? | HT |
| Name 2 ARBs that can cause conjunctivitis and blurred vision | losartan, valsartan |
| Name 3 thiazide diuretics | hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone, chlorthalidone |
| What is hydrochlorothiazide used for? | edema, HT |
| What two types of diuretics can cause blurred vision? | Loop and osmotic |
| What is furosemide for? | Edema, HT |
| What is torsemide for? | edema, HT |
| What two loop drugs can cause blurred vision? | torsemide, furosemide |
| Name the 3 carbonic anhydrase inhibitors | brinzolamide, acetazolamide, dorzolamide |
| What is acetazolamide for? | edema, mountain sickness, HT |
| What is dorzolamide for? | edema, mountain sickness, HT |
| What is brinzolamide for? | edema, mountain sickness, HT |
| What type of classes are brinzolamide, acetazolamide, dorzolamide? | carbonic anydrase inhibitors |
| What three drugs can cause transient myopia? | brinzolamide, acetazolamide, dorzolamide |
| What can mannitol be used for? | acute glaucoma, reduce intracranial pressure, diuresis, reduce renal toxicity in chemo drugs |
| In what type of patients should thiazide diuretics be cautioned? | diabetics, gout, or hypercholesterolemia |
| What are the uses of warfarin? | deep vein thrombosis, atrial fibrilation, pulmonary embolism, heart valve replacement, ishemic or rheumatic heart disease |
| Warfarin effects are reversed by what? | vitamin k |
| What are the uses of asprin or NSAIDs? | reduces risk of AMI, stroke, TIAs. Also as an anti-inflammatory or analgesic. |
| How does aspirin/NSAIDs work? | inhibit platelet aggregation. |
| What can happen in the eye sometimes with aspirin/NSAIDs? | blurry vision or visual disturbances |
| List common NSAIDs (8) | diclofenac, nepafenac, bromfenac, meloxicam, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, ketorolac, naproxen |
| What is cholestyramine for? | hyperlipidemia |
| What is fenofibrate for? | hyperlipidemia |
| What are 3 HMG-COA reductase inhibitors? | atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin |
| What are HMG-COA reductase inhibitors for? | hyperlipidemia |
| What are the ADEs of HMG-COA reductase inhibitors? | myalgia, diarrhea, rhabdomyolysis, headache, rash, GI, dizziness |
| What is nitroglycerin for? | Angina |
| What is isosorbide for? | Angina |
| What is mononitrate for? | angina |
| What is monoket for? | angina |
| What are 2 generic types of drugs that work against angina? | beta-blockers, calcium channel antagonists |
| what is the drug of choice for acute angina? | nitroglycerin |
| What can happen in the eye if you have a patient on nitroglycerin? | blurred vision |
| What can happen in the eye if you have a patient on isosorbide, mononitrate, monoket? | blurred vision |
| What is digoxin for? | congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation/flutter/tachycardia |
| How does digoxin work? | Inhibits NA/KATPas, increases CA influx, increases AV node sensitivity to vagal inhibition |
| What can happen in the eye if you have a patient on digoxin? | blurred or yellow vision |
| What are the ADEs of digoxin? | N/V dizziness, lethargy, bradycardia, tachycardia, mental changes, blurred or yellow vision |
| Is digoxins therapeutic window large or small? | small |
| What are three types of drugs that are used for congestive heart failure? | beta blockers, Ace-inhibitors, vasodilators |
| nitroglycerine, carvedilol and lisinopril are all key examples in the treatment of what? | congestive heart failure |
| Beta 2 receptors are located where? | vascular smooth muscle, bronchi, liver |
| domapinergic receptors are located where? | renal and mesenteric vasculature |
| phenylephrine works on which adrenergic receptors? | alpha |
| phenylephrine causes what type of pharmacologic effects? | peripheral vasoconstriction |
| Propafenone is used for what? | atrial arrhythmias |
| propafenone can cause what in the eye? | Blurred vision |
| Which beta blocker is also really good at fixing tachycardia and atrial arrhythmias? | metoprolol |
| what can amiodarone cause in the eye? | corneal micordeposits in 90% of people and visual distrubances in less than 10% of people, and halos and optic neuritis can be reported. |
| What is amiodarone used for? | atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias |
| What thing in optical would it be good to recommend for patients on amiodarone? | UV sunglasses because iodine can cause photosensitivity and blue/gray skin pigmentation |
| What is sotalol used for? | ventricular tachycardia and HT |
| Sotalol can cause what in the eye? | visual problems in 5% of people |
| What is morphine used for? | severe pain, anxiety of AMI, acute pulmonary edema |
| What are the side effects of oxycodone and hydrocodone? | blurred vision, diplopia, miosis, nystagmus, depression, sedation, cardiac changes, dizziness, itchying, constipation, nausea, urinary retention |
| What type of pain is oxycodone used for? | moderate to severe |
| What type of pain is hydrocodone used for? | moderate |
| Why is codine different than morphine? | Its a prodrug |
| What are the side effects of codine? | depression, itching, dizziness, constipation, nausea, blurry vision, diplopia |
| What is fentanyl used for? | preoperative/anesthetic agent |
| What are the ocular side effects of fentanyl? | miosis, blurred vision, diplopia, nystagmus |
| What is tramadol used for? | moderate to severe chronic pain |
| How does tramadol work? | binds to mu-opiate receptors in CNS to inhibit ascending pain pathways |
| What is a trade name for acetaminophen? | tylenol |
| What is acetaminophen used for? | reduces pain and fever. |
| How is acetaminophen cleared? | Liver |
| What is the mechanism of action of acetaminophen? | blocks pain impulse and inhibits hypothalamic heat-regulating center |
| Ibuprofen and naproxen can cause what ADEs? | GI, blood dyscrasias, visual disturbances |
| What is ibuprofen and naproxen used for? | arthritis, analgesia, antipyresis, inflammation, dysmenorrhea |
| What can happen in a patients eye that is on topical ketorolac? | corneal thinnng and erosion |
| What are two common corticosteroids used for acute asthma and COPD? | prednisone, methylprednisolone |
| If a patient is on celecoxib what can that cause in the eye? | blurred vision, cataracts, conjunctival hemorrhage, conjunctivitis, pain, increased IOP, vitreous floaters |
| With all corticosteroids, what are the increased risks? (4) | infection, cataracts, corneal/scleral performation, glaucoma |
| What is cyclobenzaprine used for? | reduces somatic motor activity |
| What are skeletal muscle relaxants for? | strains and sprain mostly along neck and spine or cerebral palsy |
| What are 4 skeletal muscle relaxants? | Cyclobenzaprine, benzodiazepine, metaxalone, tizanidine |
| What is benzodiazepine used for? | muscle relaxant and anticonvulsants |
| What are the ADEs of cyclobenzaprine? | Blurred vision, drowsy, dizzy, GI |
| What is metaxalone used for? | musculoskeletal pain |
| What is tizanidine used for? | spasms related to MS or spinal cord injuries |
| What are the ADEs of tizanidine? | blurred vision, GI, cardiac |
| What are 5 anticonvulsants? | phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, benzodiazepine, topiramate |
| What is phenytoin used for? | generalized seizures |
| what are the ocular side effects of phenytoin? | nystagmus, diplopia, blurred vision |
| What is carbamazepine used for? | epilepsy, trigeminal neuraligia, neuropathic pain, bipolar disorder |
| What are the ADEs of carbamazepine? | blurred vision, diplopia, anemia, GI, hepatitis, hyponatremia |
| Should you always check for drug:drug interactions if someone is on an anticonvulsant? | yes |
| What is valproic acid for? | epilepsy, migranine, bipolar |
| What are the ADEs of valproic acid? | liver failure, weight gain, pancreatitis, N/V, blood dyscrasias, amblyopia, blurred/spotty vision, nystagmus |
| What is benzodiazepine for? | epilepticus, serizures, sedation, muscle relaxat |
| What is topiramate for? | partial or generalized seizures, migraine |
| What are the ocular side effects of topiramate? | diplopia, conjunctivitis, myopia |
| What are two drugs for parkinsons? | pramipexole, ropinirole |
| Can abnormal vision occur in people taking parkinsons drugs such as pramipexole or ropinirole? | Yes |
| When should pramipexole or ropinirole be used? | after sinemet/carbidopa no longer works |
| What are the ocular side effects of levodopa/carbidopa/sinemet? | blepharospasm and oculogyric crisis (eye rotate) |
| What are the ADEs of ropinirole? | abnormal vision, xerophthalmia .(eyes can't produce tears), hypotension |
| What are H2 receptor antagonists used for? | peptic ulcer disease, GERD, duodenal and gastric ulcers. |
| What are the H2 receptor ADEs? | headache, diarrhea, rash, blood dyscrasias |
| Ranitidine is used for what? | H2 receptor antagnoist |
| Famotidine is used for what? | H2 receptor antagnoist |
| Epoetin is used for what? | anemia of chronic renal failure,reduction of blood transfusion in surgical patients |
| What are the ocular ADEs of phenothiazines | blurred vision, corneal and lenticular changes, epithelial keratopahty, pigmentary retinopathy |
| What are the 5 phenothiazines? | chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, thioridazine, trifluoperazine |
| What are chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, thioridazine, trifluoperazine used for? | psychotic disorders |
| What is olanzapine used for? | bipolar mania, schizophrenia |
| What are the ocular ADEs of olanzapine? | amblyopia, conjunctivitis, glaucoma, eye hemorrhage |
| What is quetiapine used for? | schizophrenia, acute bipiloar mania and depression |
| What are the ocular ADEs of quetiapine | blurred vision and amblyopia |
| sertraline (zoloft) is what type of affective disorder medication? | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor |
| What are the ocular ADEs of sertraline (zoloft)? | vision abnormalities, cataracts, blindness, oculogyric crisis, optic neuritis |
| What is venlafaxine (effexor) used for? | affect disorders |
| venlafaxine is what type fo affective disorder medication? | serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors |
| what are the ocular ADEs of venlafaxine? | blurred vision, cataracts, mydriasis, eye hemorrhage |
| What is bupropion (wellbutrin) used for? | depression or smoking cessation |
| What are the ocular ADEs of bupropion? | blurry vision, diplopia, dry eye |
| What is alprazolam used for? | anxiety |
| What is the ocular side effect of alprazolam? | diplopia |
| What is dextroamphetan used for? | ADD, narcolepsy |
| What are the ADEs of dextroamphetan? | mydriasis, tachycardia, irritability, tolerance, seizures |
| Name the four H2 receptor antagonists for gastrointestinal problems | cimetidine, ranitidine, nizatidine, famotidine |
| Whats the root word for gastrointestinal/H2 receptor antagonist drugs? | tidine |
| What are the ocular ADEs of H2 receptor antagonists? | blurred vision, optic neuritis, ocular irriation |
| Proton pump inhibitors are used to treat what? | GERD, ulcers |
| Four proton pump inhibitor drugs for GERD/ulcers are what? | omeprazole, lanoprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole |
| Omeprazole is for what? | GERD, ulcers |
| lanoprazole is for what? | GERD, ulcers |
| esomeprazole is for what? | GERD, ulcers |
| pantoprazole is for what? | GERD, ulcers |
| what is the root word for proton pump inhibitors that work for GERD/ulcers? | prazole |
| Which proton pump inhibitor doesn't interact with ampicillin? | pantoprazole |
| What is omeprazoles ocular ADEs? | blurry, optic neuritis, ocular irritation, optic atrophy, dry eyes |
| What is lanoprazoles ocular ADEs? | photophobia, dry eye, visual field defect |
| What are esomeprazoles ocular ADEs? | blurry, conjunctivitis |
| What are pantoprazoles ocular ADEs? | blurry, decreased vision, optic neuropathy, conjunctivitis |
| mesalamine is used for what? | inflammatory bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, crohns disease |
| What are mesalamines ocular ADEs? | conjunctivitis, eye pain and vision abnormalities |
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sbixby
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