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Ch. 11 Endocrine Sys
endocrine system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Exocrine glands | secrete through a series of ducts |
| Endocrine glands | are ductless, releasing directly into bloodstream |
| endocrine works with | nervous system |
| The endocrine communicates | slowly thru use of hormones |
| when a hormone reaches it target | a metabolic change occurs |
| all endocrine glands weigh | less than half a pound |
| the endocrine glands have an effect | patient metabolism,growth,development,reproduction |
| hormone release is controlled by | negative feedback |
| negative feedback | a decrease in functionin responseto stimuli |
| pituitary glnad is called | hypophysis |
| the pituitary gland | pea-sized,""master gland",works with negative feedback to exert control over other endocrine glands |
| pituitary gland is divided into | two segments: anterior and posterior |
| Anterior pituitary gland | aka adenohypophysis the first segment of the pituitary gland |
| Posterior Pituitary gland | aka neurohypophysis the second segment of the pituitary gland |
| Anterior Pituitary Gland secretes | six major hormones which constitue about 75% of the total weight of the pit. gland |
| Tropic hormones | 5 of the hormones released by the anterior pit gland; called this b/c responsible for stimulation of other endocrine glands |
| Prolactin (hormone) | remaining hormone produced by the anterior pit gland; causes mammary glands to produce milk |
| Posterior Pituitary Gland releases | two hormones called oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| Oxytocin | promotes the release of milk and stimulates uterine contractions during labor |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | causes the kidneys to conserve water by decreasing the amount of urine produced; also constricts arterioles resulting in increased BP |
| ADH also referred to as | vasopressin because of its effect on the blood pressure |
| Thyroid gland is what shape? | butterfly-shaped |
| Thyroid gland is located where? | with one lobe lying on either side of the trachea just below the larynx |
| Isthmus | connects the lobes of the thyroid gland |
| Thyroid gland is | very vascular and receives 80 -120 mL of blood per min |
| Thyroid secretes what two main hormones? | Thryroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) |
| Thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodithyronine (T3) regulate what 3 main functions? | growth and development, metabolism, and activity of the nervous system |
| Calcitonin | hormone released by the thyroid gland that decreases blood calcium levels by causing the calcium to be stored in the bones |
| Parathroid Glands located where? | on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland |
| Parathyroid glands secrete | parathyroid hormone (aka parathormone) |
| Parathormone is an antogonist to | calcitonin b/c it tends to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood |
| Parathormone regulates | the amount of phosphorus in the blood as well as increases the concentration of calcium in the blood |
| When calcium blood levels are low | the nerve cells become excited and stimulate the muscles with too many impulses, resulting in spasms (tetany) |
| When blood calcium levels are abnormally high, | heart function becomes impaired and can result in death |
| Under influence of the parathormone two changes occur in the kidneys | increases the reabsorption of calcium and magnesium from the kidney tubules; and accelerates the elimination of phosphorus in the urine |
| adrenal glands | aka suprarenal glands; small yellow masses that lie atop the kidneys |
| Both adrenal glands contain | an outer section (adrenal cortex) and a smaller inner section (adrenal medulla) |
| adrenal cortex is divided into | three separate layers and each layer secretes a particular hormone called steroids |
| mineralocorticoids | primarily involved in water and electrolyte balance and indirectly manage blood pressure |
| Aldosterone | the principal mineralocorticoid, regulates sodium and potassium levels by exterting its effects on the kidney tubules; decreases pot and increases sodium in blood stream |
| Glucocorticoids | most important of these is cortisol which is involved in glucose metabolism and provides extra reserve energy in times of stress; exhibits antiinflammatory properties |
| Sex Hormones | androgens are male hormones and estrogens are female hormones |
| Adrenal cortex releases these three steroids | mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and Sex hormones |
| Adrenal Medulla release two hormones during times of stress | epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine which cause the heart rate and BP to increase, the blood vessels constrict, and the liver to release glucose reserves for immediate energy; fight or flight response |
| pancreas is located where? | elongated gland that lies posterior to the stomach |
| Pancreas is composed of | both exocrine and endocrine tissue |
| Islets of Langerhans | more than 1 million tiny clusters of cells of the endocrine tissue of the pancreas known collectively as this |
| Islets of Langerhans secrete | two major hormones, insulin and glucagon |
| insulin | hormone secreted in response to increased levels of glucose in the blood secreted by beta cells |
| glucagon | hormone secreted in response to decreased levels of glucose in the blood secreted by alpha cells |
| Insulin and glucagon play a major role in | carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism |
| Ovaries | major sex glands of the woman |
| Ovaries are located where? | two almond shaped ovaries are located deep in the lower abdominal region lying to the left and right of the uterus |
| Ovaries begin production of hormones when? | puberty |
| Ovaries release two hormones | estrogen and progesterone |
| estrogen | repsonsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics usch as axillary hair, pubic hair, and maturation of the reproductive organs |
| progesterone | maintains the preparation of the reproductive organs that was initiated by the estrogen |
| placenta | temporary endocrine gland that forms and functions during pregnancy; ovaries become inactive and placenta controls estrogen and progesterone needed to maintain the pregnancy |
| Male sex glands | testes located in the scrotum |
| scrotum | saclike structure that hold the testes, male sex glands |
| testes release what hormone? | testosterone |
| testosterone is responsible for | development of male secondary sex characteristics such as axillary, pubic, and facial hair; maturation of the reproductive organs, deepening of voice, and development of muscle and bone mass |
| testosterone is necessary for | sperm formation |
| thymus gland is located where? | lies in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum |
| thymus gland produces | the hormone called thymosin which plays an active role in the immune system |
| T Lymphocytes | a type of white blood cell that are stimulated to carry out immune reactions to certain types of antigens |
| pineal gland is located where? | small cone-shaped gland located on the roof of the third venticle of the brain |
| pineal gland secretes | the hormone melatonin which seems to inhibit reproductive activities by inhibiting the gonadotropic hormones; important to prevent sexual maturity in children until adulthood |
| melatonin is thought to | induce sleep, may affect mood, and has an impact on menstrual cycles |
Created by:
Jaybob
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