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BIO 200 ch26-34
BIO 200 ch 26-34 vertebrates, invertebrates, etc.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| phylogeny | evolutionary history of species or group of species |
| systematics | discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining evolutionary relationships |
| an organism is likely to share what with close relatives? | genes, metabolic pathways, and structural proteins |
| phylogenetic tree | evolutionary history of group of organisms |
| PhyloCode | only names groups that include common ancestor of all of its descendents |
| what does the term "rooted" mean when dealing with evolutionary trees? | the branch point farthest to the left represents the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree |
| polytomy | a branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge |
| analogy | similarity due to convergent evolution-evolution and natural selection produces similar adaptations in organisms for different evolutionary lineages |
| homology | shared ancestry |
| homoplasies | analogous structures that rose independently |
| cladistics | common ancestry is primary criterion used to classify organisms |
| clade | includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants |
| monophyletic | ancestral species and all descendants |
| paraphyletic | ancestral species and some but not all descendants |
| polyphyletic | taxa with different ancestors |
| maximum parsimony | according to this principle, we should first investigate simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts |
| maximum likelihood | given certain rules about how DNA changes overtime, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events |
| DNA that codes for ribosomal RNA changes relatively slowly, therefore... | these genes are useful for investigating relationships of taxa that diverged hundreds of millions of years ago |
| DNA evolves rapidly, therefore... | it's used to explore recent evolutionary events |
| orthologous genes | refers to homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation |
| molecular clock | measuring absolute time based on observation that some genes appear to evolve at constant rates |
| neutral theory | much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by darwinian selection |
| Eukarya consists of... | all organisms that have cells containing true nuclei |
| horizonal gene transfer | genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection, and perhaps fusions of organisms |
| why are prokaryotes the most abundant organisms on earth? | have ability to adapt to broad range of evironments |
| bacterial cell walls contain? | peptidoglycan-modified sugar polymers cross linked by short polypeptides |
| Gram-positive bacteria | simpler walls with large amounts of peptidoglycan |
| Gram-negative bacteria | less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides |
| which two structures allow prokaryotes to stick to surfaces or each other? | capsule and fimbriae |
| sex pili | appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other |
| taxis | in a heterogeneous environment, prokaryotes exhibit this which is movement toward or away from a stimulus |
| how is a prokaryote structurally different from eukaryotic genome? | has considerably less DNA |
| prokaryotes lack a membrane-bounded ncleus, instead they have? | nucleoid, a region of cytoplasm that contains chromosomes |
| plasmids | prokaryotic cell rings of separately replicating DNA |
| Reproduction of prokaryotes is successful because... | they are small, they reproduce by binary fission, they have short generation times |
| endospores | resistant cell that develop when essential nutrient is lacking |
| 3 factors that give rise to high levels of genetic diversity in prokaryotes | rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination |
| what occurs instead of meiosis and fertilization in prokaryotes? | transformation, transduction, and conjugation |
| transformation in prokaryotes.. | genotype/phenotype are altered by uptake of foreign DNA from surroundings producing recombinant cell:chromosome contains DNA derived from two cells |
| transduction in prokaryotes.. | bacteriophages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another; type of horizontal gene transfer |
| conjugation | genetic material transferred between two bacterial cells |
| F factor | presence of this piece of DNA provides ability to form sex pili and donate DNA during conjugation |
| R plasmids | carry resistance genes |
| prokaryotes can be categorized by? | nutrition: hwo they obtain energy and the carbon used in building organic molecules for cells |
| photoautotrophs | phosynthetic organisms that capture light that drives synthesis of organic compounds fro CO2 or other inorganic compounds |
| chemoautotrophs | need only an inorganic compound such as CO2, but instead of using light as energy source, they oxidize inorganic substances such as hydrogen sulfide |
| photoheterotrophs | harness energy from light but must obtain carbon in organic form |
| chemoheterotrophs | must consume organic molecules to obtain both energy and carbon |
| obligate aerobes | use O2 for cellular respiration and cannot grow without it |
| obliate anaerobes | poisoned by O2, so some live exclusively by fermentation |
| Nitrogen is essential in all organisms for what purpose? | production of amino acids and nucleic acids |
| nitrogen fixation | conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia |
| heterocytes | carry out only nitrogen fixation |
| biofilm | surface-coating colonies of prokaryotes that secrete signaling molecules that recruit nearby cells, causing colonies to grow |
| extreme halophiles | live in highly saline environments |
| methanogens | group of archae named for unique way obtain energy: use CO2 to oxidize H2 releasing methane as waste |
| bioremediation | use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water |
| closest relatives of land plants? | green algae called charophytes |
| peroxisome enzymes | contain enzymes that help minimize loss of organic products as a result of photorespiration |
| phragmoplast | microtubules that form between daughter nuclei of dividing cell |
| sporopollenin | layer of durable polymer that prevents zygotes from drying out |
| alternation of generation doesn't occur in... | charophytes |
| nonvascular plants are called? | bryophytes |
| lycophytes | club mosses and their relatives |
| pterophytes | ferns and their relatives |
| gymnosperms | naked seed plant, seeds not enclosed in chambers (conifers) |
| angiosperms | flowering plants, seeds develop inside chambers called ovaries |
| what structure in a bryophyte absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte | the foot |
| specialized spores called stomata do what? | open or close to prevent water loss |
| main characteristics of vascular plants: | life cycles with dominant sporophytes, transport in vascular tissues called xylem and phloem, and well-developed roots and leaves including spore-bearing leaves called sporophylls |
| xylem | conducts most of the water and minerals |
| lignin | strengthens cell walls |
| phloem | has cells arranged in tubes that distrubate sugars, amino acids, and other organic products |
| microphylls | small usually spine shaped leaves support by single strand of vascular tissue |
| megaphylls | leaves with a higly branched vascular system |
| sporophylls | modified leaves that bear sporangia |
| homosporous | one type of sporangium that produces one type of spore which typically develops into bisexual gametophyte as in most ferns |
| heterosporous | two types of sporangia and produces two kinds of spores |
| megaspores | develop into female gametophytes |
| microspores | develop into male gametophytes |
| seed consists of: | embryo and food supply |
| seedles vascular plants have what dominated life cycles? | sporophyte |
| nearly all seed plants are? | homosporous-produce one kind of spore |
| integument | layer of sporophyte tissue that evelops and protects megasporangium |
| ovule | the whole structure, including the megasporangium, megaspore, and their integuments |
| pollen grain | consists of male gametophyte enclosed within pollen wall |
| conifers | cone bearing gymnosperms |
| sepals | at base of flower, usually green and enclose the flower before it opens |
| petals | interior to sepals |
| stamens | produce microspores that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes |
| filament | stalk of stamen |
| anther | terminal sac where pollen is produced |
| stigma | sticky part that receives pollen |
| embryo sac | the female gametophyte contained within an ovary |
| micropyle | pore in the integuments of the ovule |
| double fertilization | one fertilization even produces a zygote and the other produces a triploid cell. it's unique to angiosperms |
| cotyledons | sporophyte embryo with rudimentary root and one or two seed leaves |
| endosperm | the female gametophyte develops into this, which is tissue rich in starch and other food reserves that nourish developing embryo |
| monocot | species with one cotyledon |
| dicot | species with two cotyledons |
| eudicots | a large clade of true dicots since the vast majority of species are dicot |
| chitin | fungal cells walls are strengthened by this |
| hyphae | network of filaments that form the bodies the fungus |
| mycelium | interwoven mass of hyphae |
| septa | cells of divided hyphae |
| coenocytic fungi | lack septa |
| mycorrhizae | mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots |
| plasmogamy | the union of cytoplasms of two parent mycelia |
| heterokaryon | coexisting genetically different nuclei |
| dikaryotic | when the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell, one from each parent |
| karyogamy | during this second stage, the haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse producing diploid cells |
| deuteromycetes | fungi with no sexual stage |
| ascomycetes | known for sexual structures: spores in saclike asci |
| ascocarps | fruiting bodies |
| conidia | are the asexual spores that ascomycetes produce |
| lichen | symbiotic association between photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus |
| how many species of living animals are there currently | 1.3 million |
| how do animals differ in modes of nutrition opposed to fungi? | animals ingest food and use enzymes to digest, fungi absorb |
| what structural protein hold animal cells together? | collagen |
| animals have two type of cells not seen in other multicellular organisms... | muscle cells and nerve cells |
| which sexual stage in animals dominates the life cycle? | the diploid stage |
| cleavage | succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth betwen division cycles |
| blastula | cleavage leads to this formation of a multicellular stage |
| gastrulation | follows blastulation and during it, embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body parts are produced |
| gastrula | resulting developmental stage |
| larva | sexually immature form of an animal |
| metamorphisis | larvae eventually undergo this and it turns them into a juvenile animal but not fully mature |
| genes only used by animals | Hox genes |
| role hox genes play | development of animal embryos, controlling expression of dozens or even hundreds of genes that influence animal morphology, and regulate patterning of anterior-posterior axis |
| closest living relatives of animals | choanoflagellates |
| cambrian explosion | increased animal diversification |
| two terrestrial groups that are still alive today | amphibians and amniotes (reptiles and mammals) |
| tetrapods | first developed in water, began to have legs and became animals eventually |
| radial symmetry | form found in a flower pot |
| bilateral symmetry | two sided, two axes of orientation |
| ectoderm | germ layer covering surface of embryo, gives rise to outer covering of the animal and to central nervous system |
| endoderm | innermost germ layer, lines developing digestive tube |
| diploblastic and triploblastic | animals with two or three germ layers |
| mesoderm | third germ layer between ectoderm and endoderm |
| coelom | body cavity of triploblastic animals |
| coelomates | animals that possess true coelom |
| pseudocoelomates | body cavity that is formed from mesoderm and endoderm |
| acoelomates | lack body cavity altogether |
| spiral cleavage | planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of embryo |
| determinate cleavage | protostome development rigidly cast that determines the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early |
| indeterminate cleavage | each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into complete embryo |
| blastophore | indentation that during gastrulation leads to formation of the archenteron |
| suspension feeders | includes sponges: capture food particles suspended in water |
| choanocytes | collar cells, lining of interior spongocoel |
| hermaphrodites | each individual functions as boht math and female producing sperm and eggs |
| polyps | cylindrical forms of cnidarians |
| medusa | flattened mouth down version of polyp |
| nematocysts | contain stinging thread that penetrates prey |
| alimentary canal | digestive tube with separate mouth and anus |
| parthenogenesis | females that produce more females from unfertilized eggs |
| ectoprocts | colonial animals that superfically resemble clumps of moss |
| what structure is characteristic of molluscs? | mantle-fold of tissue that drapes over visceral mass and secretes hard shell |
| only molluscs with closed circulatory system | cephalopods |
| ammonites | shelled cephalopods |
| ecdysis | molting |
| 4 key characters of chordate | notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, muscular post-anal tail |
| notochord | longitudinal flexible rod located between digestive tube and nerve cord |
| pharyngeal slits | allow water to enter the mouth and exit the body without passing through entire digestive tract |
| gnathostomes | jawed vertebrates |
| placoderms | extint lineage of armored vertebrates |
| chondrichthyans | skeleton composed predominantly of cartilage |
| vivaparous | young develop within uterus |
Created by:
brownja5
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