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HOL midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| paleobiology | looking at history of life on earth bridges biology and geology |
| science | Deals with the real world and natural phenomena answers are obtainable(positivism) does not rely on authority attempts to explain phenomena |
| Belief Knowledge | beliefs are opinions, convictions, Faith, religion, trust or confidence, something accepted/considered as true |
| Research(Science) Knowledge | obtained by observation and testing, and sometime experimentation are repeatable, has repetition/consistency |
| Scientific Method | ideal method observation,question,hypothesis,test/experiment, repeat, modiky or reject hypothesis or present to scientific peers |
| Ockham's Razor | William of Ockham(1285-1349) medieval principle of parsimony everything should be made as simple as possible |
| KISS | keep it simple, stupid |
| hypothesis | limited explanation of the observation, experiment, prediction, pattern primary currency of science |
| multiple working hypotheses | more than one apply, find one that works best |
| Model | reserved for situations when it is known that the hypothesis has at least limited validity often numerically rich |
| theory | well substantiated hypothesis of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, other theories, principles, inferences and has been tested and continues to be tested hasn't been found wrong |
| law(principle) | a theory with universal applicability |
| Stromatolite: | an organosedimentary structure build by the sediment trapping, binding and precipitation activity of cyanobacteria |
| Cyanobacteria | the primary builders of stromatolites, they are photosynthetic, consume CO2, give off O2 |
| extinction | normal predictable thing to happen to an animal, by means of evulution or by leaving a path for new species. |
| biodidversity | totality of species alive ~10 million, less than 2 million having been describned, 1 million being insects |
| taxonomy | the science of classifying organisms |
| mass extinction? | >800 extinctions recorded since 1500 A.D current extinction rate may be 100 to 1000 times the “natural rate” |
| natural extintion rate | 1-10 species per decade |
| hypotheses on biodiversity | >solar energy, larger energy, more stable climate, more fragmentation will result in greater biodiversity |
| 70% of world's species in 12 countries | Australia, brazil, china, colombia, ecuador, india, indonesia, madagascar, mexico, peru, zaire |
| importance of biodiversity | ecological, economic, ethical, scientific |
| pangea | formed in paleozoic, huge landmass |
| species? | concept or concrete fact? Group of morphologically, chemically, and genetically similar or ganisms that are able to produce similar offspring |
| Linnean system | carolus linnaes 1707-1778 wrote systema naturae binomial names with genus and species, latinized with strict rules |
| hierarchy of linnean system | domain>kingdom>phylum>class>order>family>genus>species |
| systematics | The evolutionary relationships among organisms |
| porkaryotes | rigid cell walll, small, complex, DNA not membrane bound |
| eukaryote | large, cells can combine, flexible cell walls, simple, DNA membrane bound |
| three domains | new kingdom-archaea(bacteria), eukarya and bacteria |
| phanerozoic | last 542 millions years of time, when animal life is present in rock record first |
| empirically | through observations and common sense) |
| geological timescale | geology's greatest contribution to science and life , fossils and biotic succession |
| biotic succession | how fossils are distributed in layers of rock and how it is standard throughout rock layers |
| flood of science | in 16 and 1700's, exploration and knowledge seeking became popular, revival of greek traditions, learned socieitees |
| Revealed theology | based on scripture and religious experience |
| natural theology | wisdom, p ower and goodness of god could be understood by studying gods creation: natural world |
| John Ray | Credited with originating natural theology inspired by LInnaeus' taxonomy, wrote Wisdom of GOd and had a short scale for age of eath, 6 thousand years |
| John LIghtfoot | 1602-1675 used revealed thology and biblical genealogy to say the world was created at 9am 3984 BC |
| James Ussher | biblical chronology determined creation on october 23 4004 BC, professor at Trinity college and an archbishop |
| Henri Becquerel | discovered radioactivity in 1895 |
| Ernesst Rutherford and bertram boltwood | used uranium to date a 500 million year old rock in 1905, later boltwood dated a 2.2 million year old rock |
| age of the earth | 4.567 Ga determined by analysis of radioactivity in meteorites no Earth rocks are old enough, oldest are 4.28 Ga, older minerals are 4.04 Ga |
| hadean | period where no rocks exist from |
| Radiometric Age Dating | starts with all uranium then it decays to lead and slowly more to lead uses half life-rate of decay |
| zirconium | found in volcanic layer, mineral that traps uranium in it, which will decay into lead and provide acurate age dating |
| carbon 14 dating | uses radioactive carbon decay, not good for geology, can only go back a few thousand years |
| second | duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom used to be defined fraction 1/86,400 of the mean solar day |
| steno | (1638-1686) 1. Original horizontality 2. Superposition 3. Lateral continuity 4. Organic nature of fossils |
| oroginal horizontality | rock strata fo rm when particles in a fluid fall to the bottom |
| superposition | oldest layers are on bottom, youngest on top |
| lateral continuity | strata can be traced laterally |
| robert hook | noticed fossils that did not resemble living plants or animals and represented extinct forms |
| JamesHutton | Natural laws do not change – processes we see today are the same as those in the past |
| uniformitarianism | “The present is the key to the past” |
| William Smith | (1769-1839) looked at fossils in canals saw horizontality and superposition, fossils were always in a certain order which is the principle of biotic successsion |
| The Jurassic | Established in 1799 by Alexander von Humboldt based on sedimentary rocks in mountains of switzerland |
| Carboniferous | Named in 1822 for coal-bearing deposits of England and Wales |
| Silurian system | Roderick Impey Murchison (1792-1871) worked in Whales, used fossils |
| deeptime | coined by John McPhee (1982) claimed time was beyond human comprehension and that deep time distinguished geology from other sciences |
| Absolute Time | A number, in years, for an event in the geologic past • Used to calibrate the relative time scale |
| Georges Buffon | Divided Earth history into seven epochs, from the formation of solar system to the appearance of humans • Did experiment – Cooling of iron balls – 75,000 year-old Earth |
| LordKelvin | timetocoolfroma molten mass • In1862,hecalculated 20 to 40 m.y. in the 1800's |
| Charles Lyell | Subdivided Arduino’s Tertiary into epochs based on % living species present in 1830 |
| Ordovician System | Charles Lapworth (1842-1920) • Named the Ordovician System in 1879. • The overlap had distinctive trilobites |
| The Ediacaran System | Firstnewgeological period since 1879 • Multicellularanimal life first appears – Soft bodied – Also • Seaweeds diversify • Phytoplankton diversify |
| Evolution | the process of biological change through time by which genetic systems, populations, and species come to differ genetically, morphologically and/or physiologically from their ancestors |
| evolution is characterized by | change over time descent with modification evolution is responsible for both the remarkable similarities we see across all life and the amazing diversity of that life |
| levels of evolution | molecular genetically population species ecosystem biosphere |
| mechanisms of evolution | genetic variation is fundamental mutation, genetic drift, gene flow(migration), natural selection |
| molecular clocks | depends on looking at # of differences between nuclei of DNA or amino acid in protein , a constant rate of change doesn't work in vertebrate paleontology |
| evolution in its modern sense | Charles Lyell(1832) Principles of Geology V II the “fossil shells” of the ocean existed first until some of them, by gradual evolution, were improved into those inhabiting the land |
| Anaximander | (610-546 BCE) Life originated in water, and that simple forms preceded complex forms |
| Aristotle | comparative biology, 384-323, huttonian view of time, ordered forms, great chain of being |
| thomas aquinas | proposed a chain of being, with no extinctions because that would break the chain |
| principle of plenitude | St Anselm(1033-1109) world contains as many kinds of things as it could possibly contain everything that could possibly exist, exists linkage with great chain of being |
| Renaissance(14-17th century) | rise of free w ill and challenges to social order, shift in approach to doing and experimenting, natural theology, birth of natural sciences, scala naturae increased in complexity |
| Pre 17th century view | species are fixed, with a blue print, static world, rational god created a rational world |
| 1600-1700 | flood of imformations, natural theology, |
| john ray | credited with starting natural theology, catalogued plants, believed study of nature was a pious activity, short time scale, static species, extinction troubled him |
| william harvey | mechanistic biologist, compared living organsimss to machine |
| linnaeus | taxonomy, early years believed species were fixed but later wrote that they were capable of transformation |
| Leclerc, Buffon loo | looked at species based on interbreeding and questioned fixity of species, recognized common descent from humans and monkeys |
| lamarck | inheritance of acquired characteristics, innovative changes in a lifetime are heritable , Weismann dissproved this |
| cuvier | comparative anatomy, founded vertebrate paleontology, non evolutionist but established extinction as a a fact |
| French school of thought | evolution, catastrophism |
| william paley | watchmaker metaphor |
| Charles Lyell | gradualism |
| gradualism | slow changes of the earth's lithosphere and geology |
| Origin of Species | (1859) sold out on first day people accepted evolution but not natural selection |
| voyage of the beagle | small boat, 5 year journey, crew of 74 |
| captain robert fitzroy | very high status and remarkable, did new stuff with weather |
| thomas malthus | talked about population, that theygrow to fast and the weak get killed off in competition for food( natural selection) |
| three facts that Darwin tied together | overproduction and struggle for survival, individual variation, unequal reproductive success |
| robert chambers | wrote controversial paper that was published anonymously |
| alfred wallace | came across evolution separately, Darwin then published joint paper with him |
| thomas huxley | darwin;s bulldog, debated with hooker against bishop of oxford, wilberforce |
| two step process of evolution | random variation is the raw material and natural selection works to preserve the matter |
| six traits of natural selection | variability, variations are heritable, organisms produce more offspring than can survive, survivors possess heriitable variations that are beneficial,leads to a shift in frequency of beneficial traits,goes on long enough a new species will emerge |
| two problems with evolution | not enough time, the nature of inhertiance, doesn't know how to explain it |
| trilobite | oldest animal fossil, in paleozoic and cambrian time |
| Pangenesis | organisms have gemules that contain heritable traits, passed on to offspring, accumulated in reproductive gametes |
| mendel | wrote a paper that wasn't popular, claimed inhertiance was not blended but particulate. phenotypes and genotype |
| hugo de vries | saw offspring that was strikingly different from parents, theorized new species originated suddenly 1901 The Mutation Theory studied evening primrose(not a general plant, color change was common in the plant) |
| Walter Sutton | genes acted at heritable units small changes occurred mutationism didn't work for other species |
| T.H morgan | confirmed Sutton's work and siproved de Vris |
| Modern Synthesis | early 1900's. solidifies natural selection and evolution, gradualism, uniformitarianism, stability, end of mutationism |
| R.A Fisher | wrote the genetical theory of natural selection, looked at the gentetic side, interaction of genetic variation and environmental context was natural selection |
| phyletic gradualism | successions of fossils that record the gradual changes |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | 1972 Gould and Eldredge phenotype remained unchanging and then speciation occurred abruptly and its phenotype was clearly different from the parent species |
| allopatric speciation | ge ographic separation of a population, small population, lots of mutations |
| cambrian explosion | all major phylum are present |
| Astrobiology | developed out of exobiology looks at how life evolves and originate, and if it is elsewhere |
| life | i s a self-sustained chemical system that is capable of undergoing Darwinian evolution |
| Properties of Life | growth, stimuli response, reproduction, carbon based, needs H2O, composed of organic compounds, requires energy, exists within a boundary, proteins, structured, evolves, dies |
| life requires | water, elements for metabolism and reproduction= CHON or CHONPS, energy |
| CHON | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen(phosphorus, sulfur) |
| importance of carbon | abundant, flexible, single double and tripple bonds with itself and nitrogen, small, stable |
| how did life originate? theories | always existed, spontaneous generation, panspermia, directed panspermia, biopoisis, supernatural cause |
| panspermia | life came to earth via natural process, originated elsewhere and brough here |
| Aleksander Ivanovich Oparin | looked at early earth, it was different, reducing atmosphere, lots of energy and though life was heterotrophic and was from synthesis of complex organic compounds |
| JBS haldane | geneticicst, coined term primordial soup |
| stanley miller | did the experiment of the primordial soup, used formaldehyde and cyanide and ammonia could make amino acids can also get ribose, which is the base for RNA |
| DNA | double stranded molecule each strand a sugar-phosphate backbone and attached bases connected to complementary strand by hydrogen bonding between paired bases |
| RNA | similar to a single strand of DNA has ribose instead of deoxyribose |
| RNA World | RNA's ability to participate in the storage, transmission, and duplication of genetic information(similar to DNA) coupled with its ability to catalyze certain reactions help make the RNA world a viable hypothesis |
| LUCA | last universal common ancerstor gave rise to all life on earth biopoesis |
| “Pre-Cambrian” | is 4.025 billion years long 88% of geological time before the paleozoic |
| When did life originate? | liquid water by 4.4 Ga, heavy bomardment though, very dynamic, oldest fossils are 3.45 Ga(probably cyanobacteria) |
| hadean eon | 4.567-4.28 Ga by Preston Cloud(professor at UCSB), origin of Earth to age of oldest rock, bombardment and comets, second atmosphere, short day, faint sun, very hot |
| archean earth system | 4.28-2.5 Ga late heavy bombardment atmosphere-still no O2, long hot days, earth has a mantl |
| Evidence of Earliest Life on Earth | Microfossils(morphology) stromatolites(morphology), isotopes, biomarkers, biominerals |
| biomarkers | distintive organic compounds that prove that life was there |
Created by:
hannad
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