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Urinary Systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Urinary System composed of | 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, and 1 erethra |
| 2 Kidneys | produce urine by removing waste, excess water, and electrolytes from blood |
| 2 Ureters | transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder |
| 1 Bladder | collects and stores urine |
| 1 urethra | transports urine from bladder to outside of body for elimination |
| Kidneys are located | behind the parietal peritoneum, below the diaphragm |
| Kidney looks like | dark red bean-shaped, 4-5 inches long, 2-3 inches wide, 1 inch thick |
| Because of the liver | the right kidney is slightly lower |
| Kidneys are surrounded by | layer of adipose tissue which achors it in place |
| Hilus | notch or indention near the center of the medial border of the kidney (the ureter, blood vessels, and nerves that enter and leave the kidney) |
| Renal Capsule | outer covering of the kidney composed of strong layer of connective tissue |
| Renal Cortex | directly beneath the renal capsule of the kidney (contains 1.25 mil renal tubules) |
| Medulla | beneath the renal cortex of the kidney (darker color, contains triangular pyramids) |
| Pyramids (of kidneys) | also called papillae, empty urine into calyces |
| Calyces | cuplike extentions of renal pelvis that guides urine into the renal pelvis |
| Renal Pelvis | expansion of upper end of the ureter (ureter then drains into the bladder) |
| Microscopic Structure of the Kidneys | kidneys contain 1 mil nephrons (functional unit of kidney resembles microscopic funnel with long stem + 2 convoluted sections |
| Nephrons of the kidneys responsible for | filtering blood and processing urine |
| Main functions of the nephrons | controls body fluid levels, assists with regulation of the pH of blood, removes toxic waste from blood |
| Nephrons filter | entire blood volume through the body 60 times a day |
| Two structures of the Nephron | renal corpuscle, renal tubule |
| Renal Corpuscle | composed of tightly bound network of capillaries called glomeruli |
| Glomeruli | tightly bound network of capillaries |
| Glomeruli are | held inside cuplike structure called Bowman's Capsule |
| Bowman's Capsule | cuplike structure that holds the glomeruli |
| Renal arteries | (right and left) branch off abdominal aorta and enter kidney at the hilus |
| Renal arteries branch until | blood is delivered to the glomerus by afferent arteriole |
| Efferent Arteriole | blood leaves this to go into peritubular capillary |
| From Peritubular Capillary | blood reaches renal veins and flows into inferior vena cava |
| Renal tubule becomes | tightly coiled (at proximal convoluted tubule) makes sudden straight drop, and curves back upward like a hair pin (at loop of henle or nephron loop) and becomes tightly coiled again (at distant convoluted tubule) |
| Convoluted tubule | terminates at collecting tubule/duct |
| Collecting ducts unite in | pyramids, open at papilla to empty urine in associated calyx |
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus | formed as a distal convoluted tubule makes contact with afferent and efferent arterioles |
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus plays role in | blood pressure control (also called hydrostatic pressure) and determines glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
| Gomerular Filtration contains | important products needed by the body (water, glucose, and ions) which may be absorbed (99% of filtrate returns to the body) |
| Three phases of urine formation | Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion |
| Filtration (of urine) | of water and urine products occur in the glomerulus of bowman's capsule |
| Reabsorption (of urine) | of water, glucose, and necessary ions back in the blood, and process reclaims impt substances needed by body |
| Secretion (of urine) | of certain ions, nitrogenous waste, and drugs occurs in distal convoluted tubule; reversion of reabsorption, substanc move from blood to filtrate |
| Hormonal influence on Nephron function | posterior pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| Antidiruretic Hormone (ADH) causes | cells of distal convoluted tubules to increase their rate of water reabsorption (action returns water to the bloodstream and increases bid pressure to normal level (Causes urine concentration) |
| Urine Concentration and characteristics | Urine is transparent yellow because of urochrome (pigment from body destroying hemoglobin) |
| Urine comes from | uric acid |
| the body forms | 1000 to 2000 mL of urine daily |
| % of urine that is water | 95% is water |
| 5 % of urine is | nitrogeneous wastes and salts |
| Urine pH balance is | 4.6 to 8.0, slightly acidic |
| healthy urine is | sterile, but at room temperature decomposes and gets odor of ammonia (breakdown in urea) |
| A urinalysis studies | the physical, microscopic properties of urine that can give diagnostic information |
| If the bodies homeostatis is compromised, | certain substances may spill into urine |
| Albumin in urine | indicates kidney disease, high blood pressure, and toxicity of kidney cells from heavy metal |
| Glucose in urine | presence indicates high blood glucose level; glucose level rises above renal threshold and gluclose spills into urine |
| Erythrocytes in urine | a.k.a. hematuria; indicates infection, tumors, or kidney disease; individual may have kidney stones (renal calculus) + irritation causes hematuria |
| Ketone bodies in urine | a.k.a. ketoaciduria; occurs when fatty acids are oxidized; condition seen in diabetes, starvation, or metabolic conditions |
| Leukocytes (WBC) in urine | occurs when an infection is in the urinary tract |
| Ureters | extensions of the kidney pelvis |
| Ureters extend | downward 10 to 12 in to the lower part of the urinary bladder |
| Urinary bladder | temporary storage pouch for urine |
| Urinary bladder is composed of | collapsible muscle and located anterior to the SI and posterior to the symphysis pubis |
| bladder can hold | 750 to 100 mL of urine |
| bladder is full at | 450 mL (1 pint) |
| internal and external sphincters control | the release of urine |
| interanl sphincter is located | at the bladder neck (composed of involuntary muscle) |
| As bladder becomes full stretch receptors | contract pushing the urine past the internal sphincter |
| From the internal sphincter, urine passes to the | external sphincter composed of skeletal or voluntary muscles at the terminus of the urethra |
| Urethra is a | terminal portion of the urinary system |
| Urethra carries | urine by peristalsis from the bladder out of its external opening (urinary meatus) |
| Urinary meatus (Urethra) in females | is located between the clitoris and the vaginal opening 1/4 inches in diameter and 1 1/2 inches long |
| Urinary meatus (Urethra) in males | is 8 in long, passing thru the prostate gland and extends the length of the glans penis |
| Urethra in males serves 2 functions | passageway for urine and for semen |
| By 70 years of age filtering mechanism of urine is only | 50% efficient |
| Inefficiency of urinary system occurs | because of decreased blood supply and loss of nephrons |
| In aging females, bladder | loses tone and perineal muscle relaxes (results in stress incontinence) |
| In aging males, | prostate gland becomes enlarged leading to constriction of the urethra |
| Incomplete emptying of the bladder in males and females | increases chance of urinary infections |
| ureter enters the bladder, they mucous membrane folds acting as | a valve to prevent backflow |
| ureters leave the kidneys and they are | retroperitoneal and pass under the urinary bladder then entering the bladder |
| I am the product of metabolized nutrients | energy and waste |
| I am a nitrogenous compound found in urine | creatine |
| We are the product of protein breakdown | nitrogenous waste |
| As kidneys our primary function is | produce urine |
| excretion is the primary function of the | kidney |
| We assist in regulating and disposing of waste | kidney |
| I am the most important system in maintaining homeostasis. I am the | urinary system |
| As kidneys we produce urine by removing | waste, excess water, and electrolytes from blood |
| We transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder | Ureters |
| I am a collection and storage unit | bladder |
| I transport urine from the bladder to the outside | urethra |
| We lie behind the parietal peritoneum | kidneys |
| Kidneys are how long? | 4 to 5 in |
| Kidnyes are how wide? | 2-3 in |
| Kidneys are how thick? | 1 inch |
| One kidney is lower than the other | Right kidney |
| Kidneys are anchored in place by this kind of tissue | adipose |
| I am a notch of indentation on the medial border of the kidney | Hilus |
| Outer covering of the kidney | Renal Capsule |
| directly beneath the renal capsule | cortex |
| Renal cortex contains renal tubules that number to | 1.25 mil |
| Tubules are part of this system | microscopic filtration |
| dark in color and immediately beneath the cortex | medulla |
| medulla contains triangle shaped | pyramids |
| Pyramids have narrow points called | papillae |
| Papillae empties urine into the | calyces |
| Cuplike extensions of the renal pelvis | calyces |
| guide the urine into the renal pelvis | calyx |
| expansion of the upper end of the ureter | renal pelvis |
| drain urine into the bladder | ureter |
| Each kidney contains more than 1 million of these | nephrons |
| I resemble a microscopic funnel | nephron |
| As a nephron, responsible for filtering | blood |
| As a nephron, I aid in processing | urine |
| controlling body fluid levels by selectively removing or retaining is one of my functions | nephron |
| Nephrons also assist with the regulation of this balance | pH of Blood |
| Nephrons remove waste from the | blood |
| body's entire volume of blood is filtered this many times a day | 60 times a day |
| Nephron contains two main structures | Renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
| renal corpuscle is composed of tightly bound network of capillaries called | glomeruli |
| cuplike structure of the renal corpuscle | Bowman's Capsule |
| renal arteries branch off me | abdominal aorta |
| known as the hairpin curve | henle or nephron loop |
| plays a role in blood pressure control | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| Initials are GFR | glomerular filtration rate |
| reabsorbtion begins as soon as the filtrate reaches this system | tubule system |
| Components of filtrate | water, glucose, and ions |
| percent of filtrate returned to the body | 99% |
| filtration occus here | glomerulus of Bowman's capsule |
| reabsorption is the process of reclaiming substances needed by me | body |
| reverse process of reabsorption | secretion |
| as the body suffers fluid loss my blood pressure | drops |
| released by the posterior pituitary gland | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| ADH causes cells of distal convoluted tubules to | increase the rate of water reabsorption |
| as blood pressure increases the urine becomes more | concentrated |
| the word urine comes from one of its components | uric acid |
| body forms this amount of urine daily | 1000-2000 mL |
| Urine is what % water? | 95% |
| color is usually a transparent | yellow (urine) |
| Urine yellow comes from | urochrome |
| Urochrome pigment results from the body's destruction of | hemoglobin |
| urine is acidic with a pH of | 4.6 to 8.0 |
| at room temperature urine develops the odor of | ammonia |
| urine odor develops from a breakdown in | urea |
| study of physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine | urinalysis |
| presence in urine indicates possible kidney disease | albumin |
| presence of me in urine often indicates high blood sugar | glucose |
| Hematuria may indicate | infection |
| hematuria means you find me in a sample of urine | erythocytes |
| ketonuria indicates the presence of these bodies | ketone bodies |
| if there is an infection in the Urinary tract, you may find me in urinalysis | leukocytes |
| temporary storage pouch | urinary bladder |
| urinary bladder can hold urine up to | 750 mL to 1000 mL |
| controls the release of urine | internal and external sphincters |
| feel conscious desire to urinate when our bladder has | 250 mL |
| terminal position of the urinary system | urethra |
| external opening | urinary meatus |
| in males, the urethra is approx this long | 8 inches |
| in females, urethra is approx this long | 1 1/2 in |
| in males urethra serves two functions | passage for urine and semen |
Created by:
Jaybob
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