Save
Upgrade to remove ads
Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or
show password
Forgot Password?
Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or
Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account. Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.

Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.
focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
 
Knew it?
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
0:00
edit
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how

BSC2010: Ch. 1-5

Introduction to the Principles of Biology for Majors

QuestionAnswer
What is the fundamental unit of Biology? Cell
What is Biology? The study of life
What is life? Something that grows, reproduces, metabolizes, and dies.
What is matter made up of? Elements
What is a compound? A substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio. It has different characteristics from those of its elements.
What elements are 96% of living matter? Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.
What elements make up Proteins? Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur.
What elements make up Carbohydrates? Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
What elements make up Lipids? Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
What elements make up DNA? Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus.
What is the smallest unit of matter that still retains its properties? An atom.
What are atoms composed of? Subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
What makes up the nucleus? Protons and Neutrons.
What surrounds the nucleus in a "cloud"? Electrons.
What is an Atomic number? The number of protons in an atom.
What is an Isotope? An element that has different neutrons but the same amount of protons.
How do you use radioactive isotopes in Biology? (Essay Question) 1. Scientists use radioactive isotopes to label certain chemical compounds, creating tracers that can be used to follow a metabolic process or locate the compound within an organism.
What is potential energy? The energy that matter possesses because of its location and structure. Atoms that have electrons further away from the nucleus have more potential energy.
Explain a nonpolar covalent bond. (Essay Question) A bond in which the two atoms share valence electrons equally.
What is a molecule? 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
What is a single bond? Sharing 1 pair of valence electrons.
What is a double bond? Sharing 2 pairs of valence electrons. Typically strong.
What is electronegativity? The attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons in a covalent bond. The more electronegative, the more strongly it pulls the electrons to the nucleus.
What is an Ionic bond? An attraction between cations and anions.
What is an Ion? Atoms that have one extra electron or one less. Because of this they have a charge.
What is a Cation? An Ion with a positive charge.
What is an Anion? An Ion with a negative charge.
What is a hydrogen bond? A weak chemical bond. A hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom.
What is a Van der Waals Interaction? Occurs when transiently positive and negative regions of molecules attract each other.
What is a polar covalent bond? (Essay Question) A bond in which the two atoms share valence electrons unequally.
What is a catabolic reaction? A reaction that breaks down chemical bonds.
What is an exergonic reaction? A reaction that releases energy.
What is a chemical reaction? A reaction that makes or breaks chemical bonds. It is crucial for metabolism (a necessary component of life). Chemical reactions convert reactants to products.
How much of the Earths surface is covered by water? 3/4
What is the primary component of cells? Water.
What was the first organism? Ptoyonionts. ~3.5 billion years ago.
Water has 4 important characteristics. What are they? 1. Cohesion 2. Moderation of Temperature 3. The universal solvent 4.Production of acids and bases: the disassociation of water.
Explain waters cohesion. The bonding of a high percentage of the molecules to neighboring molecules.
Explain waters moderation of temperature. Water has a high specific heat which allows it to minimize temperature fluctuations within limits that permit life. Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break and released when formed.
What is specific heat? the amount of energy that must be used to change 1g of that substance to change its temp. 1 degree Celsius.
What is kinetic energy? The energy of motion.
What is the heat of vaporization? the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be evaporated.
Why does ice float? In ice, each molecule is hydrogen-bonded to four neighbors in a 3D crystal. Because the crystal is spacious, ice has fewer molecules than an equal volume of water.
What is meant by "Water is the solvent of life"? Because of its polarity, water can interact with ionic compounds (solutes) and dissolve them. Water can also interact with polar molecules such as proteins.
Hydrophilic. An affinity for water. Polarity.
Hydrophobic No affinity for water. Non-polar.
Molarity The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Mole Represents an exact number of molecules of a substance in a given mass.
Surface tension measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid.
On the pH Scale, what range is acidic? 6 to 1
On the pH Scale, what range is basic? 8 to 14
On the pH Scale, what number is neutral? 7
What composes an organic molecule? Carbon and Hydrogen.
What does it mean for water to disassociate? H2O changes into hydronium ions and hydroxideions.
What is Vitalism? The idea that only living organisms can produce organic molecules.
What allows Carbon to form covalent bonds with a variety of atoms? It is tetravalent (4 outer electrons). The bonding versatility of Carbon allows it to form many diverse molecules including carbon skeletons.
How many bonds does a SATURATED hydrocarbon have? 4 (no double bonds).
How many bonds does an UNSATURATED hydrocarbon have? 2 (a double bond).
How many valence electrons does Carbon have? 4
How many valence electrons does Hydrogen have? 1
How many valence electrons does Oxygen have? 2
How many valence electrons does Nitrogen have? 3
What are the types of isomers? 1. Structural 2. Geometric 3. Enantiomers
What is a functional group? the parts of molecules involved in chemical reactions. They give organic molecules distinctive chemical properties.
How are macromolecules formed?
What are the types of proteins? 1.Enzymatic 2. Structural 3. Storage 4. Transport 5. Hormonal
What is the function of an enzymatic protein? Ezymatic proteins accelerate (or catalyze) select chemical reactions. For example, digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of the polymers in food.
What is the function of a structural protein? Structural proteins are used for support. For example; insects and spiders use silk fibers to make their cocoons and webs. Collagen and elastin provide a fibrous framework in animal connective tissues. Keratin is the protein of hair, horns, feathers, etc.
What is the function of a storage protein? Storage proteins store amino acids. For example, ovalbumin is the protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source for the developing embryo.
What is the function of a transport protein? Transport proteins transport other substances.
What are the levels of protein structure? 1. Primary structure 2. Secondary structure 3. Tertiary structure 4. Quaternarny structure
What is the primary structure of a protein? The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids.
What is the secondary structure of a protein? The folding or coiling of the polypeptide into a repeating configuration
What is the tertiary structure of a protein? the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide. Results from interactions between amino acids and R (the rest) groups
What is the quaternary structure of a protein? the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits
What is a peptide bond? The bond between two amino acids.
What is an acid? Something that is going to increase the hydrogen concentration.
What is a base? Something that is going to decrease the hydrogen concentration.
What is the difference between a polypeptide and a functioning protein? A polypeptide is a polymer made of amino acids. A protein consists of one or more polypeptides. All proteins are polypeptides but not all polypeptides are proteins.
What about sickle cell anemia? Results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin.
A monomer of a protein is called what? Amino acid
A polymer of a protein called? A polypeptide.
How do monomers form larger molecules? Monomers form larger molecules by condensation reactions called dehydration reactions
How can polymers disassemble? Hydrolysis
What are Polysaccharides? Are polymers of sugars.
What is a polymer called of a nucleic acid? polynucleic acid/ polynucleotide
Polynucleic acids are formed by which process? Dehydration Synthesis.
What are Chaperonins? Are protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins
What are some things that DNA does? DNA: Stores information for the synthesis of specific proteins Directs RNA synthesis Directs protein synthesis through RNA
How many different amino acids make up proteins? 20
What are the three classes of life’s organic molecules that are polymers? Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids
What are Monosaccharides? Are the simplest sugars Can be used for fuel Can be converted into other organic molecules Can be combined into polymers
What are Disaccharides? Consist of two monosaccharides Are joined by a glycosidic linkage
Molecular comparisons Help biologists sort out the evolutionary connections among species
The nitrogenous bases in DNA Form hydrogen bonds in a complementary fashion (A with T only, and C with G only)
The DNA double helix Consists of two antiparallel nucleotide strands
Cellular DNA molecules Have two polynucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis Form a double helix
Nucleotide polymers Are made up of nucleotides linked by the–OH group on the 3´ carbon of one nucleotide and the phosphate on the 5´ carbon on the next
Nucleotide monomers Are made up of nucleosides and phosphate groups
Nucleic acids Exist as polymers called polynucleotides
What are the two types of nucleic acids? Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Genes Are the units of inheritance Program the amino acid sequence of polypeptides Are made of nucleic acids
Denaturation Is when a protein unravels and loses its native conformation
Protein conformation Depends on the physical and chemical conditions of the protein’s environment
Phosphodiester bonds Polynucleotides are individual mononucleotides coming together and forming a covalent bond called this phosphodiester bond.
Created by: Katie4theA
Popular Biology sets

 

 



Voices

Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. Then click the card to flip it. If you knew the answer, click the green Know box. Otherwise, click the red Don't know box.

When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, click "retry" to try those cards again.

If you've accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just click on the card to take it out of the box.

You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows:

If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they are in the same box the next time you log in.

When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Although it may feel like you're playing a game, your brain is still making more connections with the information to help you out.

To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity.

Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:
restart all cards