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Nutrition Ch. 8
Vitamins ATI Pg. 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vitamins occur in foods in? | much smaller qualities |
| Vitamins serve as facilitators? | of bodies processess |
| What do Vit. A deficiency cause? | blindness |
| What can a lack of ciacin cause? | dementia |
| What can lack of Vit. D cause? | retard bone growth |
| People spend billions on dietary supplements to cure? | many different ailments |
| Vitamins are? | potent, essential, nonkcaloric, organic nutrients needed from foods in trace amounts to perform specific functions |
| Vitamins do not yeild? | energy when broken down, but assist enzymes that release energy |
| The amounts of vitamins people ingest are measured in? | micrograms, and milligrams |
| Vitmans are essential to? | life, organic and in food |
| What are fat soluble vitamins? | Vit. A D E K |
| What are water soluble vitamins? | Vit. B, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid.... |
| What does the amount of vitamins from food depend on? | the quantity provided by a food and the amount absorbed and used by the body (bioavailability) |
| What does a vitamins bioabailability depend on? | efficiency of digestion, person's previous nutrient intake, other foods eaten at the same time, method of preparation, source of the nutrient |
| Inactive forms of vitamins are? | precursors or provitamins |
| Once in the body what is a precursor converted to? | to the active form of the vitamin |
| Being organic vitamins can be? | destroyed and left unable to function |
| Oxygen destroys Vit? | C |
| Sun light destroys? | riboflavin |
| Heat destroys? | thiamin |
| What are the 2 classes of vitamins? | fat soluble and water soluble |
| Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed like? | lipids |
| Where are fat soluble vitamins stored? | liver and fatty tissue |
| Water soluble vitamins must be consumed more? | regularly because the body does not store them to any great extent |
| What is the first fat soluble vitamin to be recognized? | Vit. A |
| What is Vit. A plant derived precursor? | beta carotene |
| Vit. A plays roles in? | gene expression, vision, cell differentiation, immunity, and reproduction and growth |
| What are the 3 different forms of Vit. A? | retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid |
| Retinal is active in? | vision |
| Retinoic acids act as a? | hormone |
| Where is retinol stored? | liver |
| What picks up retinol from the liver and carries it to the blood? | retinol binding protein |
| Enzymes preform the metabolic work of? | tissue |
| Factors that influence gene expression also affects? | the metabolic activities of the tissues and health of the body |
| What 2 things to Vit. A do for the eye? | maintains a healthy, crystal clear outer window (cornea) and participates the events of light detection at the retina |
| What is pigment? | a molecure capable of absorbing certain wavelengths of light so that it reflects only those that we perceive as a certain color |
| The retina contains? | pigment molecules called rhodopsin |
| What is rhodopsin? | a light sensitive pigment of the retina, contains the retinal form of Vit A |
| Each rhodopsin is composed of a protein called? | opsin |
| When light hits the eye rhodopsin responds by? | changing shape and becoming bleached |
| When vit. A is lacking the eye has difficulty? | adapting to changing light levels |
| The lag in the recovery of night bision is known as? | night blindness |
| Where is vit. A found besides they eye? | skin and linings of organs where is promotes protein synthesis and cell differentiation |
| What is the process of cell differentiation? | allows each type of cell to mature so that it is capable of performing functions |
| What are the surfaces of the body covered with? | epithelial cells |
| The epithelial cells in the body must stay? | smooth |
| What does the mucous membrane line? | stomach |
| Vitmain A plays what role in epithelial cells? | maintains the integrity |
| Vitamin A is called what with immunity? | anti infective |
| What is important for normal production and growth? | Vit. A |
| What does Vit. A do in men? | participates in sperm development |
| What does Vit. A do in women? | normal fetal growth and development |
| In a developing baby Vit. A is important to the development of? | NS, lungs, heart, kidneys, skeleton, eyes, and ears |
| What is beta cartene? | an extreme antioxidant |
| What are antioxidant? | compounds that protect other compounds from attack by oxygen |
| Oxygen triggers the formation of coupounds known as? | free radicals that can start chain cell stuctures and impair cell functions |
| Beta carotene in foods may protect against? | cancer |
| What are the dietary antioxidants? | Beta Carotene, Vit. E, Vit. C, and the mineral selenium and many phytochemicals |
| Where is Vit. A stored? | liver |
| How long would it take Vit. A to be completely gone out of the body? | 1-2 years |
| What is keratin? | hard inflexible protein of hair and nails |
| What happens when vit. A lacks in cells? | skin cells harden and flatten, making it dry, rough, scaly, and hard |
| What is keratinization? | accumulation of keratin makes a lump around each hair follicle |
| When is Vit. A toxicity possible? | when people consume concentrated amounts of preformed vitamin A |
| What can excess of vit. A during pregnancy cause? | spinal cord injuries to the fetus |
| Excess Vit. A does what to bone? | weakens them |
| What is used to see the beta cartene in foods? | retinal activity equivalants |
| Two much beta carotene causes skin to turn? | yellow |
| What are the richest cources of Vit. A? | liver and fish ol |
| What are other sources of Vit. A? | milk, cheese, and fortified cerals |
| What contains beta carotene? | carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, cantaloup and apricots, spinach, broccoli |
| The body can synthesize what with sunlight? | Vit. D |
| The liver manutactures a Vit. D? | precursor |
| Vit. D requires conversions from what to become active? | kidney and liver |
| Vit. D is a ? | hormone |
| What are Vit. D target organs? | Small intestine, kidneys, and the bones |
| What enhances or suppresses the activity of genes that regulate cell growth? | Vit. D |
| A deficit in vit. D is caused by? | high blood pressure, CVD, diabetes, RA, MS |
| What does Vit. D do in bones? | assist in absorption of calcium and phospherous |
| What are key bone nutrients? | Vit. DKA, Ca, Mg, phosphorus, Flouride |
| When the diet is sufficient, vit. D enhances? | their absorption from the GI tract |
| When the diet is insufficient, Vit. D provides? | the needed minerals from toher sources |
| What is a vit. D deficiency disease? | rickets |
| What happens in rickets? | the bones fail to calcify normally, causing growth retardation and skeletal abnormalities |
| What is a painful bone disease? | osteomalacia |
| What is reduced bone density? | osteoporosis |
| What does excess calcium cuase? | stones |
| What is most toxic of all vitamins? | Vit. D |
| Vit. D tox can not come from the? | sun |
| What foods have vit. D? | effes, liver, butter, milk |
| Vit. D recommendations increase with? | age |
| What is tocopherol? | vit. E |
| Vit. E is a? | fat soluble antioxidant |
| Vit. E protects other substances from? | oxidation |
| Vit. E is esprecially effective in preventing the oxidation of? | polyunsaturated fatty acids |
| When there is not enought vit. E what happens to cells? | RBC tend to break open and spill their contents |
| What is erythrocyte hemolysis? | vit. E deficiency |
| Vit. E treatment corrects? | hemolytic anemia |
| What happens with Vit. E deficiency? | loss of muscle coordination, vision, speech |
| Processing or heating food destorys? | Vit. E |
| What happens with Excess Vit. E? | interfere with blood coagulation |
| What foods are Vit. E in? | vegie oilds and products made from them, butter, salad dressing |
| What is really rich in vit. E? | Wheat germ oil |
| Vit. K is good for? | blood clotting, and synthesis of bone protein |
| Adequate intake of Vit. K does what for bones? | protect against fractures |
| When blood clotting factors decrease? | hemorrhagic disease results |
| Bacteria in the Intestinal tract synthesize? | vit. K |
| When does Vit. K deficiency occur? | conditions of fat malabsorbtion, medications |
| An infant is born with a ______ digestive tract? | sterile |
| What shot should babies get at birth? | Vit. K |
| What had Vit. k? | leafy vegies, cabbage, vegie oils |
| Vit. E is in? | plant foods |
| Vit. E may protect agaisnt? | heart disease |
| Vit. E is especially important in the? | lungs |
| What Vit. are water soluble? | Vit. B and C |
| Water soluble vitamins are easily absorbed into? | the bloodstream and are just as easily excreted |
| Vit. B help the body? | use energy fuel |
| Each B vit. is part of an enzyme helper known as? | coenzyme |
| What is a coenzyme? | is a small molecule that combines with an enzyme to make it active |
| What are the 5 active forms of b Vit.? | thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin |
| What doe B6 do? | assists enzymes that metabolize amino acids? |
| Folate and B12 helps? | cells to multply |
| What is beriberi? | a thiamin deficiency disease that is caused by the loss of sensation in the hands and feet, muscular weakness |
| What is pellagra? | the niacin deficiency disease (Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death) |
| What is refined grain? | a product from which the bran, germ and husk have veen removed leaving only the endosperm |
| What is fortification? | the addition to a food of nutrients that were either not originally present or present in little amounts, |
| What is enrichment? | the addition to a food of nutrients to meet a specified standard |
| What is niacin equivalents? | the amount of niacin present infood |
| What are niacin rich foods? | meat, fish, chicken, PB |
| What are nutritious foods? | pork, legumes, sunflower seeds |
| What are neural tube defects? | malformations of the brain, spinal cord,or both that occur druing embryonic development |
| What is intrinsic factor? | inside the system |
| What is pernicious? | a vit b12 deficiency disease caused by lack of intrinsic factor, causes large immature RBC |
| What is scurvy? | The vit C deficiency disease |
| What is ascorbic acid? | one of the two active forms of Vit C |
| What is collagen? | the characteristic protein of connective tissues |
| What is latent? | the period in the course of a disease when the condition is present but their symptoms havent appeared |
| What is overt? | out in the open |
| What is gout? | a metabolic disease in which crystals of uric acid precipitate in the joints |
| B vitamins assist in the release of? | energy from glucose, amino acids and fats |
| Folate and Vit B12 are important for? | cell division |
| Thiamine is important for? | functioning of the nerves and muscles |
| Vit C aids in? | tissue building and metabolic reactions |
| Vit. C is found in? | citrus fruits, tomatoes, peppers, green leafy vegies, and stawberries |
| Stress and Illness increase the need of? | Vit C |
| Severs Vit C. deficiency causes? | scurvy |
| B complex vitamins have many functions in? | cell metabolism |
| Sources of Vit B are? | green leafy vegies and enriched grains |
| What is thiamin for? | proper digestion, peristalsis, and providing energy to smooth muslce, glands, the CNS, and blood vessels |
| Riboflavin is required for? | growth and tissue healing |
| Riboflavin deficiency results in? | cheilosis, smooth/swollen red tongue, and dermatitis |
| Sources of riboflavin are? | milk, meants, and green leafy |
| Niacin aids in the metabolism of? | fat, glucose, and alcohol |
| Deficiency of niacin causes? | pellagra |
| What are sources include? | beef liver, nuts, legumes, whole grains |
| Pantothenic acid is involved in? | biological reactions |
| deficiency in pantothenic acid results in? | anemia and CNS changes |
| What are rich sources of pantothenic acid? | organ meats, egg yolk, avacados, nuts, brown rice |
| Pyrodoxine is needed for? | cellular function and synthesis of hemoglobin, neurotransmitters, and niacin |
| High intake of pyridoxine supplements causes? | sensory neuropathy |
| biotin serves as a? | coenzyme used in fatty acid synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and the formation of glucose |
| Folate is required for? | hemoglobin and amino acid synthesis, cellular reproductions, and prevention of neural tube defects |
| Deficiency of folate causes? | megaloblastic anemia, CNS disturbances, and fetal neural tube defects |
| Cobalamin is necessary for? | the production of RBC |
| Cobalamin is seen mostly in? | strict vegetarians |
| All fat soluble vitamins have possibility for? | toxicity |
| Who should not have more fat soluble lipids? | clients with liver disease |
| how many essential vitamins are there? | 13 |
| Vit. C is found in? | citrus fruits, tomatoes, peppers, leafy vegies, stawberries |
| Stess and illness increase the need for? | Vit C |
| What are sources of Vit. B? | Grenn leafy vegies, and unprocessed or enriched grains |
| What is thiamin for? | digestion, peristalsis, energy to smooth muscles, glands, CNS |
| Riboflavin is for? | growth and tissue healing |
| Niacin is for? | metabolism of fats, glucose and alcohol |
| Pantothenic acid is involved in? | biological reactions |
| What is pyridoxine for? | cellular function and synthesis of hemoglobin, neurotransmitters and niacin |
| What is folate for? | for hemoglobin and amino acid synthesis, cellular reproduction, and prevention of neural tube defects in utero |
| Vitamins are? | organic substances required for many enzymatic reactions |
| What is the main functions of vitamins? | to be a catalyst for metabolic functions and chemical reactions |
| What many essential vitamins are there? | 13 |
| What are the 2 classes of vitamins? | water soluble and fat soluble |
| What are water solubue vitamins? | C and B complex |
| What are fat soluble vitamins? | ADEK |
| Vitmans yield? | no energy |
| What aids in tissue building and metabolic reactions? | Vit C |
| Where is vit C found? | citris fruits, tomatoes, pepper, green leafy vegies, and strawberries |
| What increases the need for Vit C? | stress and illness |
| What does a deficiency is Vit C cause? | scurvy (bleeding, painful joints, weak bones, and swollen gums) |
| B Complex function in? | cell metabolism |
| Thaimin B1 is for? | muslce energy, GI support, and CV support |
| What are major sources of Thaimin B1? | meats, grains, and legumes |
| What is the deficiency for Thaimin B1? | beriberi, altered digestion, CNS and CV problems |
| What are actions is Riboflavin B2? | Growth, energy, tissue healing |
| What are major sources of Riboflavin B2? | milk, meat, green leafy vegies |
| What are deficiecny of Riboflavin B2? | Chelilosis, Skin eruptions, cracked lips, red swollen tongue |
| What are major actions of Niacin B3? | energy and protein metabolism/cellular metabilism |
| What are major sources of Niacin B3? | liver, nuts, legumes, whole grains |
| What is a deficiecny of Niacin B3? | pellagra, skin lesions, GI and CNS symptoms, dementia |
| Pantothenic acid is involved in? | biological reactions (energy, synthesis of fatty acid, phospholipids, cholesterol, steroid hormones) |
| Deficeincy of panothienic acids results in? | anemia and CNS changes |
| What are rich sources of panothinic acids? | organ meats, egg yolk, avocados, cashew, brown rice, broccoli, and milk |
| Pyrodoxine is need for? | cellular function and synthesis of hemoglobin, neurotransmitters and niacin |
| High pyridoxine can cause? | sensory neuropahty |
| What are sources of pyrodoxine? | organ meats and grains |
| Biotin serves as a? | coenzyme used in fatty acid synthesis, amino acid metabolim and formation of glucose |
| Folate is required for? | hemoglobin and amino acid synthesis, lwer neural tube defects in fetus |
| What are sources of folate? | liver, green leafy vegies, grain, and legumes |
| What are deficiencies of folate? | megaloblastic anemia, CNS disturbance |
| What is major action of Cobalamin B12? | hemoglobin synthesis, fatty acid metabolim |
| What are sources of cobalamin B12? | organ meats, clams, oysters and grains |
| What is a deficiency of Cobalamin B12? | pernicious anemia, GI symptoms, poor muslce coordination |
| Fat soluble vitamins can be stored for? | long periods of time |
| Absorption of fat soluble vitamins depends on the? | body's ability to absorb dietary fat |
| Who should not take more than the daily requirements of fat soluble vitamins? | ppl with fever disease |
| Vit A is needed for? | normal vision, tissue strength, growing and tissue healing |
| What are major sources of Vit A? | orange/yellow colored foods, liver, dairy |
| What is dificiency of Vit A? | Reduced night vision, dry/thick eyes, mucosa changes |
| What is action of Vit D? | maintain serum Ca and phosphorus, aid in bone development |
| What are sources of Vit D? | fush, diary, sun |
| What is deficincy of Vit D? | low serum Ca, fragile bones, rickets |
| What is action of Vit E? | protect ceels from oxidation |
| What are sources of Vit E? | vegie oil, grains, nuts, dark green vegies |
| What is deficiency of Vit E? | hemolytic anemia, CNS changes |
| What is Action of Vit K? | normal blood clotting, aids in bone metabolism |
| What a sources of Vit K? | green leafy vegies, eggs, liver |
| What is deficiecny of Vit K? | increased bleeding times |
| What is a precursor? | inactive form of a vitamin, provitamin, must be converted to the active form |
| Vitamins are? | organic (can be destroyed) |
| Where are fat soluble vitmins found? | fat and oil |
| Where are fat soluble vitamins stored? | liver and fatty tissues |
| What is beta carotene? | plant derived precursor, extremely effective antioxidant |
| What do antioxidants do? | Protect other coupounds from attack from oxygen |
| Where is Vit A stored? | liver |
Created by:
alicia.rennaker
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