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ch4 tissues
tissue level of organization
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four tissue categories | Epithelium, Connective, Muscle and Nervous |
| Structure of simple squamous epithelium | one cell layer, flat, tightly bound, each cell attaches to basement membrane |
| Function of simple squamous epithelium | Rapid diffusion, filtration, some secretions in serous membranes |
| Location of simple squamous epithelium | Air sacs of lungs (alveoli), lining of heart chambers and lumen of blood vessels (endothelium), serous membranes of body cavities (mesothelium) |
| Structure of simple cuboidal epithelium | Single layer of cells - same height and width, spherical nucleus that is centrally located. |
| Function of simple cuboidal epithelium | Absorption and secretion |
| Location of simple cuboidal epithelium | Thyroid gland follicles, kidney tubules, ducts of secretory regions of most glands, surface of ovary |
| Structure of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium | Single layer of columnar cells that appear multi layered, microvilli at apical surface, oblong nucleus nearer basal layer, may contain goblet cells |
| Function of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium | Absorption and secretion, secretion of mucin |
| Location of nonciliated columnar epithelium | Lining of most of digestive tract, stomach lining does not contain goblet cells |
| Structure of non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | multi layered cells, basel cells usually cuboidal or polyhedral, apical cells are squamous, surface cells alive and kept moist |
| Function of non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | Protection of underlying tissue - moist |
| Structure of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | multi layered, basal typically cuboidal or polyhedral, apical are squamous, dead and filled with keratin proteins |
| Function of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | Protect underlying tissue - dead |
| Location of non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | Lining of oral cavity, part of pharynx, esophagus, vagina, and anus |
| Location of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | Epidermis of skin |
| Characteristics if epithelial tissue | Cellularity, polarity-apical, basal, lateral; attachment-basement membrane, avascularity, innervation |
| Functions of epithelial tissue | Physical protection, selective permeability, secretions, sensations |
| Another term for tight junction | zonula occludens |
| Structure of tight junction | encircles epithelial cells near apical surface, attaches with PLASMA MEMBRANE PROTEINS |
| Another term for adhering junction | Zonula adherens |
| Structure of adhering junction | deep to tight junctions, extensive zones of MICROFILAMENTS that extend from cytoplasm through plasma membrane |
| Function of tight junction | Seals intercellular space so materials pass through cell not btwn cell. |
| Function of adhering junction | provide passageway for materials to continue path to basal layer, only means of support for apical layer |
| Another term for Desmosomes | macula adherens |
| Structure of desmosomes | A snap btwn adjacent epithelial cells, each cell provides one half of junction, PROTEIN FILAMENTS, INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS, PROTEIN PLAQUE |
| Function of desmosomes | Provides resistance to mechanical stress at a single point, does not encircle cell |
| Structure of Gap Junction | formed across intercellular gap btwn neighbor cells, connexions-6 TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS make a pore, pore is a direct passageway for small molecules to travel cell to cell, ions, glucose, amino acids |
| Function of Gap junction | Provides passageway for small molecules to travel btwn cells, ions-coordinates cellular activities, glucose, amino acids |
| Structure of pseudostratified columnar epithelium | Single layer varying heights appear multilayered, all cells attach to basement membrane, not all reach apical layer, ciliated-contain goblet cells, non ciliated-no goblets and no cilia |
| Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium | Protection;ciliated, secretion of mucin, movement of mucin across surface |
| Location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium | Ciliated; lines most of respiratory tract, nasal cavity, part of pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi |
| Structure of Transitional epithelium | Cells appearance varies in shape depending on stretched or relaxed, apical cells change shape, some may be binucleated |
| Function of transitional epithelium | Distention and relaxation to accommodate urine volume |
| Location of transitional epithelium | Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra |
| Characteristics of connective tissue | Cells, protein fibers, ground substance |
| Functions of connective tissue | Physical protection, support structural framework, binding of structures, storage, transport, immune protection |
| Mesenchyme | first type of connective tissue - embryonic stage-spindle shaped-stem cells |
| Types of cells in connective tissue | fibroblast, adipocyte, chondrocyte, osteocyte |
| Types of protein fibers in connective tissue | collagen, elastic and reticular |
| Structure of collagen | Long, unbranched, extracellular fibers, strong, flexible, resistant to stretching, 25% of body's protein, |
| Function of collagen | Able to withstand enormous forces in one direction |
| Structure of elastic fibers -elastin | thinner, coiled, |
| Function of elastic fibers | stretch and return to normal shape (lungs) |
| Structure of reticular fibers | thinner, coated with glycoprotein, branching, interwoven, tough but flexible abundant in stroma |
| Function of reticular fibers | mesh like framework allows for physically support organs and resist external forces |
| Function of mesenchymal cells | Divide in response to injury to produce new connective tissue |
| Fibroblast | abundant, large, relatively flat cells, often with tapered ends |
| Function of fibroblast | Produce fibers and ground substance of the extracellular matrix |
| Adipocytes | Fat cells, single layer lipid droplets, cellular components pushed to one side |
| Function of adipocytes | Store lipid reserves |
| Fixed macrophages | large cells derived from monocytes in blood, resides in extracellular matrix after leaving blood |
| Function of macrophages | To phagocytize foreign materials |
| Structure of Areolar connective tissue | Abundant vascularized ground substance-gel like, scattered fibroblasts, elastic fibers, collagen fibers |
| Function of Areolar connective tissue | Surrounds protects tissues and organs, loosely binds epithelial tissue to deeper tissue, provides nerve and bloodvessel packing |
| Location of Areolar connective tissue | Subcutaneous layer and surrounds organs |
| Structure of Adipose connective tissue | closely packed, nucleus to one side, slightly vascularized stores lipids |
| Function of Adipose connective tissue | Stores energy, protects, cushions and insulates |
| Structure of Dense regular connective tissue | Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers, fibroblast, nuclei squeezed btwn layers of fibers, scarce ground substance, looks like lasagna |
| Function of Dense regular connective tissue | Attaches bone to bone and muscle to bone, resists stress applied in one direction |
| Location of Dense regular connective tissue | Tendons and ligaments |
| Structure of Hyaline cartilage | Glassy appearing matrix, lacunae house chondrocytes usually covered by perichondrium |
| Function of Hyaline cartilage | Smooth surfaces provide for movement at joints, model for bone growth, supports soft tissue |
| Location of Hyaline cartilage | Fetal skeleton, covers articular ends of long bones, most of larynx, trachea and nose |
| Structure of fibrocartilage | Readily visible, parallel collagen in matrix, lacunae house chondrocytes and no perichondrium |
| Function of Fibrocartilage | Resists compression, absorbs shock in some joints |
| Location of Fibrocartilage | Internal vertebral discs, pubis symphysis, menisci of knee joints |
| Structure of Elastic cartilage | Contains abundant elastic fibers, form a web like mesh around lacunae, chondrocytes and perichondrium |
| Function of Elastic cartilage | Maintains structure and shape while permitting extensive flexiblity |
| Location of Elastic cartilage | Ears and Epiglottis of larynx |
| Structure of compact bone | Calcified matrix, Osteons-concentric lamellae, central canal, canaliculi, lacuna |
| Function of compact bone | Supports soft tissue, protects vital organs, levers for movement, stores calcium and phosphorus |
| Location of Compact bone | bones of the body |
| Structure of Fluid connective tissue - Blood | Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma |
| Function of Fluid connective tissue - Blood | transport, control immune response, clotting, |
| Function of erythrocytes | Transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide |
| Function of leukocytes | Initiate and control immune response |
| Function of platelets | Responsible for blood clotting |
| Function of Plasma | Transports waste, hormones, and nutrients |
| Location of Fluid connective tissue - Blood | Blood vessels-arteries, veins, capillaries |
| Classification of muscle tissue | Skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| Structure of skeletal muscle tissue | fibers are long, cylindrical, striated, parallel, unbranched, multinucleated-located along the periphery |
| Function of skeletal muscle tissue | Moves skeleton responsible for voluntary body movements, locomotion, and heat production |
| Location of Skeletal muscle | Attaches to bone, sometimes skin (facial muscles) voluntary muscles of sphincter, lips urethra, and anus |
| Structure of cardiac muscle | Cells are short, bifurcated, striated, one or two centrally located nuclei, intercalated discs |
| Function of cardiac muscle | Involuntary contraction and relaxation of heart, pumps blood |
| Location of Cardiac muscle | Heart wall (myocardium) |
| Structure of Nervous tissue | Neurons, rounded stellate cell bodies, axon, dendrite, glial cells- lack extensive fibrous processes |
| Location of Nervous tissue | Brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
| Function of Nervous tissue | Information processing, storage, retrieval, internal communication |
| Function of Glial cell | Supports and protects neurons |
Created by:
baddkharma
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