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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| biologics | Substances that produce biologic responses within the body; they are synthesized by cells of the human body, animal cells, or microorganisms.--1 |
| Clinical investigation | Second stage of drug testing that involves clinical phase trials.--1 |
| Clinical phase trials | Testing of a new drug in selected patients.--1 |
| Complementary and alternative therapies | Treatments considered outside the realm of conventional Western medicine.--1 |
| Drug | General term for any substance capable of producing biologic responses in the body.--1 |
| FDA's Critical Path Initiative | National strategy for transforming the way FDA-regulated products are developed, evaluated, manufactured, and used. --1 |
| Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | U.S. agency responsible for the evaluation and approval of new drugs.--1 |
| Formulary | List of drugs and drug recipes commonly used by pharmacists.--1 |
| Investigational New Drug Application (IND) | Application to the FDA that contains all the animal and cell testing data.--1 |
| Medication | Drug after it has been administered.--1 |
| NDA review | Third stage of new drug evaluation by the FDA.--1 |
| Pharmacology | The study of medicines; the discipline pertaining to how drugs improve or maintain health.--1 |
| Pharmacopoeia | Medical reference indicating standards of drug purity, strength, and directions for synthesis.--1 |
| Pharmacotherapy | Treatment or prevention of disease by means of drugs.--1 |
| Postmarketing surveillance | Evaluation of a new drug after it has been approved and used in large numbers of patients.--1 |
| Preclinical investigation | Procedure implemented after a drug has been licensed for public use, designed to provide information on use and on occurrence of side effects.--1 |
| Therapeutics | The branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease and suffering.--1 |
| Bioavailability | Ability of a drug to reach the bloodstream and its target tissues.--2 |
| Chemical name | Strict chemical nomenclature used for naming drugs established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).--2 |
| Combination drug | Drug product with more than one active generic ingredient.--2 |
| Controlled substance | In the United States, a drug whose use is restricted by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act; in Canada, a drug subject to guidelines outlined in the Canadian Narcotic Control Act.--2 |
| Dependence | Strong physiological or psychological need for a substance.--2 |
| Generic name | Nonproprietary name of a drug assigned by the government.--2 |
| Mechanism of action | The way in which a drug exerts its effects.--2 |
| Pharmacologic classification | Method for organizing drugs on the basis of their mechanism of action.--2 |
| Prototype drug | Well-understood model drug with which other drugs in a pharmacologic class may be compared.--2 |
| Scheduled drugs | In the United States, a term describing a drug placed into one of five categories based on its potential for misuse or abuse.--2 |
| Therapeutic classification | Method for organizing drugs on the basis of their clinical usefulness.--2 |
| Trade name | Proprietary name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer; also called the brand name or product name.--2 |
| Withdrawal | Physical signs of discomfort associated with the discontinuation of an abused substance.--2 |
| Allergic reaction | Acquired hyperresponse of body defenses to a foreign substance (allergen).--3 |
| Anaphylaxis | Acute allergic response to an antigen that results in severe hypotension and may lead to life-threatening shock if untreated.--3 |
| Apothecary system | Older system of measurement that uses drams; rarely used.--3 |
| ASAP order | As soon as possible order that should be available for administration to the patient within 30 minutes of the written order.--3 |
| Astringent effect | Drops or spray used to shrink swollen mucous membranes, or to loosen secretions and facilitate drainage.--3 |
| Buccal route | Administration of a tablet or capsule by placing it in the oral cavity between the gum and the cheek.--3 |
| Compliance | Taking a medication in the manner prescribed by the health care provider, or, in the case of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, following the instructions on the label.--3 |
| Enteral route | Administration of drugs orally, and through nasogastric or gastrostomy tubes.--3 |
| Enteric coated | Referring to tablets that have a hard, waxy coating designed to dissolve in the alkaline environment of the small intestine.--3 |
| Five rights of drug administration | Principles that offer simple and practical guidance for nurses to use during drug preparation, delivery, and administration.--3 |
| Household system | Older system of measurement that uses teaspoons, tablespoons, and cups.--3 |
| Intradermal (ID) | Medication administered into the dermis layer of the skin.--3 |
| Intramuscular (IM) | Delivery of medication into specific muscles.--3 |
| Intravenous (IV) | Administration of medications and fluids directly into the bloodstream.--3 |
| Metric system of measurement | Most common system of drug measurement that uses grams and liters.--3 |
| Parenteral route | Dispensation of medications via a needle into the skin layers.--3 |
| PRN order | Medication is administered as required by the patient's condition.--3 |
| Routine orders | Order not written as STAT, ASAP, NOW, or PRN.--3 |
| Single order | Medication that is to be given only once, and at a specific time, such as a preoperative order.--3 |
| Standing order | Order written in advance of a situation that is to be carried out under specific circumstances.--3 |
| STAT order | Any medication that is needed immediately and is to be given only once.--3 |
| Subcutaneous | Medication delivered beneath the skin.--3 |
| Sublingual route | Administration of medication by placing it under the tongue and allowing it to dissolve slowly.--3 |
| Sustained release | Tablets or capsules designed to dissolve slowly over an extended time.--3 |
| Three checks of drug administration | In conjunction with the five rights, these ascertain patient safety and drug effectiveness.--3 |
| Absorption | The process of moving a drug across body membranes.--4 |
| Affinity | Chemical attraction that impels certain molecules to unite with others to form complexes.--4 |
| Blood-brain barrier | Anatomical structure that prevents certain substances from gaining access to the brain.--4 |
| Conjugates | Side chains that, during metabolism, make drugs more water soluble and more easily excreted by the kidney.--4 |
| Distribution | The process of transporting drugs through the body.--4 |
| Drug-protein complex | Drug that has bound reversibly to a plasma protein, particularly albumin, that makes the drug unavailable for distribution to body tissues.--4 |
| Enterohepatic recirculation | Recycling of drugs and other substances by the circulation of bile through the intestine and liver.--4 |
| Enzyme induction | Process in which a drug changes the function of the hepatic microsomal enzymes and increases metabolic activity in the liver.--4 |
| Excretion | The process of removing substances from the body.--4 |
| Fetal-placental barrier | Special anatomical structure that inhibits entry of many chemicals and drugs to the fetus.--4 |
| First-pass effect | Mechanism whereby drugs are absorbed across the intestinal wall and enter into the hepatic portal circulation.--4 |
| Hepatic microsomal enzyme system | As it relates to pharmacotherapy, liver enzymes that inactivate drugs and accelerate their excretion; sometimes called the P-450 system.--4 |
| Loading dose | Comparatively large dose given at the beginning of treatment to rapidly obtain the therapeutic effect of a drug.--4 |
| Maintenance dose | Dose that keeps the plasma drug concentration continuously in the therapeutic range.--4 |
| Metabolism | Total of all biochemical reactions in the body.--4 |
| Minimum effective concentration | Amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect.--4 |
| Pharmacokinetics | Study of how drugs are handled by the body.--4 |
| Plasma half-life (t 1/2) | The length of time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by half after administration.--4 |
| Prodrug | Drug that becomes more active after it is metabolized.--4 |
| Therapeutic range | The dosage range or serum concentration that achieves the desired drug effects.--4 |
| Toxic concentration | Level of drug that will result in serious adverse effects.--4 |
| Agonist | Drug that is capable of binding with receptors to induce a cellular response.--5 |
| Antagonist | Drug that blocks the response of another drug.--5 |
| Efficacy | The ability of a drug to produce a desired response.--5 |
| Frequency distribution curve | Graphical representation that illustrates interpatient variability in responses to drugs.--5 |
| Graded dose-response | Relationship between and measurement of the patient's response obtained at different doses of a drug.--5 |
| Idiosyncratic response | Unpredictable and unexplained drug reaction.--5 |
| Median effective dose (ED 50) | Dose required to produce a specific therapeutic response in 50% of a group of patients.--5 |
| Median lethal dose (LD 50) | Often determined in preclinical trials, the dose of drug that will be lethal in 50% of a group of animals.--5 |
| Median toxicity dose (TD 50) | Dose that will produce a given toxicity in 50% of a group of patients.--5 |
| Nonspecific cellular response | Drug action that is independent of cellular receptors and is not associated with other mechanisms, such as changing the permeability of cellular membranes, depressing membrane excitability, or altering the activity of cellular pumps.--5 |
| Partial agonist | Medication that produces a weaker, or less efficacious, response than an agonist.--5 |
| Pharmacodynamics | Study of how the body responds to drugs.--5 |
| Pharmacogenetics | Area of pharmacology that examines the role of genetics in drug response.--5 |
| Potency | The strength of a drug at a specified concentration or dose.--5 |
| Receptor | The structural component of a cell to which a drug binds in a dose-related manner, to produce a response.--5 |
| Second messenger | Cascade of biochemical events that initiates a drug's action by either stimulating or inhibiting a normal activity of the cell.--5 |
| Therapeutic index | The ratio of a drug's LD 50 to its ED 50.--5 |
| Assessment phase | Appraisal of a patient's condition that involves gathering and interpreting data.--6 |
| Baseline data | Patient information that is gathered before pharmacotherapy is implemented.--6 |
| Evaluation phase | Objective assessment of the effectiveness and impact of interventions.--6 |
| Goal | Any object or objective that the patient or nurse seeks to attain or achieve.--6 |
| Implementation phase | When the nurse applies the knowledge, skills, and principles of nursing care to help move the patient toward the desired goal and optimal wellness.--6 |
| Nursing diagnosis | Clinically based judgment about the patient and his or her response to health and illness.--6 |
| Nursing process | Five-part decision-making system that includes assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.--6 |
| Objective data | Information gathered through physical assessment, laboratory tests, and other diagnostic sources.--6 |
| Outcome | Objective measurement of goals.--6 |
| Planning phase | Linkage of strategies or interventions to established goals and outcomes.--6 |
| Subjective data | Information gathered regarding what a patient states or perceives.--6 |
| Adolescence | Period from 13 to 16 years of age.--7 |
| Embryonic period | Period of life from 3 to 8 weeks postconception.--7 |
| Fetal period | Period of life from 9 to 40 weeks postconception.--7 |
| Infancy | Child younger than 1 year.--7 |
| Middle adulthood | Person from 40 to 65 years of age.--7 |
| Older adulthood | Person older than age 65.--7 |
| Polypharmacy | The taking of multiple drugs concurrently.--7 |
| Preimplantation period | Period of life from 1 to 2 weeks postconception.--7 |
| Preschool child | Child from 3 to 5 years of age.--7 |
| School-age child | Child from 6 to 12 years of age.--7 |
| Teratogen | Drug or other agent that causes developmental birth defects.--7 |
| Toddlerhood | Term applied to children from 1 to 3 years of age.--7 |
| Young adulthood | Term applied to persons from 18 to 40 years of age.--7 |
| Cultural competence | The ability of health care providers to provide care for people with diverse values, beliefs, and behaviors, including the ability to adapt delivery of care to meet the needs of these patients.--8 |
| Culture | Set of beliefs, values, religious rituals, and customs shared by a group of people.--8 |
| Ethnicity | Referring to people having a common history and similar genetic heritage.--8 |
| Genetic polymorphism | Changes in enzyme structure and function due to mutation of the encoding gene.--8 |
| Holistic | Viewing a person as an integrated biologic, psychosocial, cultural, communicating whole, existing and functioning within the communal environment.--8 |
| Human integration pyramid | A conceptual framework for dealing with patients in a holistic manner.--8 |
| Pharmacogenetics | Area of pharmacology that examines the role of genetics in drug response.--8 |
| Psychosocial | Describes a person's psychological development in the context of one's social environment.--8 |
| Spirituality | The capacity to love, to convey compassion and empathy, to give and forgive, to enjoy life, and to find peace of mind and fulfillment in living.--8 |
| Medication administration record (MAR) | Documentation of all pharmacotherapies received by the patient.--9 |
| Medication error | Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care provider, patient, or consumer.--9 |
| Medication error index | Categorization of medication errors according to the extent of the harm an error can cause.--9 |
| Medication reconciliation | The process of keeping track of a patient's medications as they proceed from one health care provider to another. --9 |
| Polypharmacy | The taking of multiple drugs concurrently.--9 |
| Risk management | System of reducing medication errors by modifying policies and procedures within the institution.--9 |
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