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Ch. 64 Skin
Introduction to the Integumentary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Structures that cover the body's exterior surface | Integument |
| Contains sebaceous and sweat glands and sensory nerve endings. | Skin |
| Besides the skin, integument also includes accessory structures such as the | Hair and Nails |
| The skin is composed of these two layers | Epidermis and Dermis |
| The outermost layer of skin | epidermis |
| the layer beneath the epidermis | dermis |
| The epidermis cntains an outer layer of dead skin cells called | Stratum Corneum |
| The stratum corneum forms a tough protective protein called | Keratin |
| The epidermis is constantly shed and replaced with what kind of cells from the dermis everyday? | Epithelial cells |
| The epidermis is totally replaced approximately every | 35 to 45 days |
| The average person sheds this much of ead skin cells in his or her lifetime | 40 pounds |
| The dermis or "true skin" consists of... | Connective tissue and contains elastic fibers, blood vessels sensory and motor nerves, sweat and sebaceous (oil) glands, and hair follicles (roots) |
| The superficial dermal layer on the ventral surface of the hands and feet contains ridges and indentations that create a unique pattern of | Fingerprints, palm prints, and footprints. |
| The layer of skin attached to muscle and bone and composed primarily of connective tissue and fat cells. | Subcutaneous Tissue |
| Skin has a tremendous capacity to | stretch with little subsequent damage |
| The color of the skin is determined by a pigment called | Melanin |
| Melanin is manufactured by melanocytes located in the | epidermis |
| The production of melanin is under the control of the middle lobe (pars intermedia) of the | pituitary gland |
| The more melanin found in the epidermis... | the darker the skin color |
| The skin has 4 major functions: | Protection, temperature regulation, sensory processing, and chemical synthesis |
| The skin forms a _________ __________ between the outside world & underlying organs & structures of the body.prevents microorganisms & other foreign substances from reaching the structures below the epidermis & prevents water loss from internal structures | Protective barrier |
| A thick layer of epidermal cells which forms in response to recurring friction on an area of skin. | Callus |
| Intense friction causes a ______ to develop | blister |
| To maintain a relatively consistent body temperature, the skin _____ or ______ the structures below | heats or cools |
| the most abundant and widely distributed body tissue which connects body parts, provides support, forms bones and cartilage as well as blood vessels and attaches mucles to cones | connective tissue |
| Connective tissue consists mostly of | Collagen |
| _______ decrease with age, thus gray hair | Melanin |
| The body continuously produces _____ heat during | cellular metabolism |
| Heat dissipates through the skin and through | respiration |
| heat is lost my 4 methods | Radiation, Conduction, Evaporation and convection |
| Transfer of surface heat into the environment...escape of heat from the surface of warm skin into cooler air | Radiation |
| Transfer of heat through direct contact Example: Placing cool cloth on warm skin | Conduction |
| Loss of moisture or water as moisture evaporates and cools down the skin surface Example: perspiration | Evaporation |
| Transfer of heat away from bod by currents of air or liquids Example:fan or heater | Convection |
| Nerves in skin respond to | Pressure, pain, heat and cold |
| Vitamin D is necessary for the formation of healthy ______ and ______ | Bones and teeth |
| Vitamin D is synthesized when skin is exposed to _________ _______ | Ultraviolet Light (sunlight) |
| Vitamin D sources | sunlight, fish, eggs and fortified milk |
| Hair originates in the _____ _______ in the ______ | hair follicles; dermis |
| Hair which has a wooly or wispy texture | Vellus |
| Hair which is coarser and develops at puberty uder the influence of androgen hormones in the axillae pubic region | terminal hair |
| ________ _________ are connected to each hair follicle and secret an oily substance called ______ | Sebaceous Glands; sebum |
| lubricant which prevents drying and cracking of skin and hair | sebum |
| two types of sweat glands | eccrine and appocrine |
| this type of gland releases water and electrolytes, such as sodium and chloride, in the form of perspiration | eccrine |
| skin pH is | 4-6.5 |
| frequent washing with alkaline soaps removes ______ and reduces the acid mantle protection causing skin to _____ ________ | sebum; age faster |
| found around the nipples, anogenital region, eyelids, mammary glands and external ear canals producing a secreation, cerumen | Apocrine glands |
| hormone-like chemicals that communicate reproductive and social information among species | pheromones |
| perspiration includes secretions from both ______ and _______ | eccrine and apocrine |
| thinning skin layers and degeneration of elastin fibers results in | wrinkling |
| decreased function of skin barrier makes older adults more vulnerable to | microorganisms |
| decrease of sebum causes | skin dryness and roughness |
| as we age, skin pales because the number of cells that produce melanin _________ | decreases |
| Age spots or liver spots | Senile lentigines |
| bruises easily | senile purpura |
| red/purple papular clusters of tiny capillaries | senile angiomas |
| Precancerous skin growth (referred to as "barnacles of old age") | senile keratoses |
| skin tags (benign) | Acrochordons |
| Men begin to lose hair from the scalp in their ___; by their ___ many are almost bald | 40s; 80s |
| older adults from both sexes have an _____ in facial hair | increase |
| Decreased # of ______ ______ and decreased cutaneous vascularity, causes a decreasein spontaneous sweating making the elderly more vulnerable to_____ | eccrine glands; heat |
| loss of _________ fat impacts thermoregulation thus elderly are frequently _____ | subcutaneous; cold |
| Skin Appears tight and shiny | Edema/ fluid retention |
| Skin appears loose and dry | dehydration |
| _________is the most common fluid imbalance | dehydration |
| In a head to toe assessment, assess for | redness, breakdown, rashes, turgor, temperature, moisture |
| Pale...Anemia, blood loss | Pallor |
| Red...superficial burns, local inflammation, carbon monoxide poisoning | erythema |
| pink...fever, hypertension | flushed |
| purple...trauma to a soft tissue | ecchymosis |
| blue...low tissue oxygenation | cyanosis |
| yellow...liver or kidney disease, destruction of red blood cells | jaundice |
| brown...racial variation, sun exposure, pregnancy, addisons disease | tan |
| Flat, round, colored. Example: freckles or rash | macule |
| elevated with raised border example: wart | papule |
| elevated filled with serum example: blister | vesicle |
| elevated, irregular border, no free fluid example: hives | wheal |
| elevated filled with pus example: boil | pustule |
| elevated solid mass that extends into deeper tissue example: enlarged lymph node | nodule |
| encapsulated, round, fluid filled or solid mass beneath skin example: tissue growth | cyst |
| color in nails returns to normal in 3 seconds or less, indicating adequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation | Capillary refill |
| Concave nails meaning iron deficiency | spooning |
| angle of nails is greaer than 160 degrees and means long-standing cardiopulmonary disease | clubbing |
| fungal infections and poor circulation of nails | thickening |
| brittle, fragile, uneven nail edge associated wth malnutrition, overhydration, thyrotoxicosis, chemical damage, radiation, aging | onychorrhexis |
| nail hypertrophy, associated with trauma, agging, fungal infections | onychauxis |
| transverse furrows in nail plates associated with malnutrition, severe illness | beau's lines |
| blood clot associated with trauma | subungual hematoma |
| blood streaks associated with heart disease, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, neoplasms, trauma | splinter hemorrhages |
| hansen's disease | leprosy |
| skin biopsies done in the 3 ways | scraping, excising, punching |
| relieve inflammatory and allergic symptoms but ha severe side affects with long term use | corticosteroids |
| frequently prescribed whn allergy is a factor in causing the skin disorder | antihistamines |
| used to treat nfectious disorders | antibiotic, antifungal, and antiviral agents |
| used in the treatment of scabies mite and lice | scabicides and pediculicides |
| applied directly to the scalp to control dandruff | antiseborrheic agents |
| medication used to reduce bacteris on the skin | antiseptics |
| medications which dissolves thickened, sornified skin such as warts, corns, calluses. their action causes the treated area to soften and swell. facilitating removal | keratolytics |
| light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation | laser |
| energy of lasers vaporizes tissue and _________ bleeding vessels | coaugulates |
| benign tumor in infancy | hemangiomas |
| birthmark/mole | nevi |
| application of extreme cold to destroy tissue most commonly using liquid nitrogen | cryosurgery |
| electric current via a needle shaped electrode to super heat the skin in pinpoint precise areas...destroys tissue by dehydration | electrodesiccation |
| destroys cancer cells, shrinks tumors and relievs symptoms,,,curative and palliative...goal is to destroy malignant, rapidly dividing cells w/o permanently damaging the surrounding healthy tissues | radiation therapy |
| may be used as treatment for psoriasis, vitiligo, and chronic eczema...involves a combination of drugs and UV light | photochemotherapy |
| chronic sin disorder that cause depigmentation of patches of skin ...occurs when melanocytes die or are unable to function to produce melanin | Vitiligo |
| ______, _______, and _______ are an important part of treatment | rest, sleep and diet |
| fungal infection that can affect the skin, mouth, vagina, GI tract and lungs | candidiasis |
| an inflammation of the skin where two surfaces touch | intertrigo |
Created by:
Molliecc08
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