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ojc bio
Biology S. Mader 10th ed. chap. 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Active transport | use of a plasma membrane carrier protein to move a molecule or ion from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration; it opposes equilibrium and requires energy |
| adhesion junction | junction between cells in which the adjacent plasma membranes do not touch but are held together by intercellular filaments |
| aquaporin | channel protein through which water can diffuse across a membrane |
| bulk transport | movement of elements in an organism in large amount |
| carrier protein | protein that combines with and transports a molecule or ion across the plasma membrane |
| cell recognition protein | glycoprotein that helps the body defend itself against pathogens |
| cell wall | structure that surround a plant, protistan, fungal, or bacterial cell and maintains the cell's shape and rigidity. |
| channel protein | protein that forms a channel to allow a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma membrane |
| cholesterol | a steroid found in animal plasma membrane and from which other types of steroids are derived |
| concentration gradient | gradual change in chemical concentration between two areas of differing concentrations |
| crenation | in animal cells, shriveling of the cell due to water leaving the cell when the environment is hypertonic |
| desmosome | intercellular junction that connects cytoskeletons of adjacent cells |
| differentially permeable | ability of plasma membranes to regulate the passage of substances into and out of the cell, allowing some to pass through and preventing the passage of others |
| diffusion | movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher to lower concentration; it requires no energy and tends to lead to an equal distribution |
| endocytosis | process by which substances are moved into the cell from the environment by phagocytosis (cellular eating) or pinocytosis (cellular drinking); includes receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| enzymatic protein | protein that catalyzes a specific reaction |
| exocytosis | process in which an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane so that the vesicle's contents are released outside the cell |
| extracellular matrix (ECM) | nonliving substance in which animal cells are imbedded; is composed of protein and polysaccharides |
| facilitated transport | passive transfer of a substance into or out of a cell along a concentration gradient by a process that requires a carrier |
| fluid-mosaic model | model for the plasma membrane based on the changing location and pattern of protein molecules in a fluid phospholipid bilayer |
| gap junction | junction between cells formed by the joining of two adjacent plasma membranes; it lends strength and allows ions, sugars, and small molecules to pass between cells |
| glycolipid | lipid in plasma membranes that bears a carbohydrate chain attached to a hydrophobic tail |
| glycoprotein | protein in plasma membranes that bears a carbohydrate chain |
| hypertonic solution | higher solute conentration (less water) than the cytoplasm of a cell; causess cell to lose water by osmosis |
| hypotonic solution | lower solute (more water) concentration than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to gain water by osmosis |
| isotonic solution | solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to neither lose nor gain water by osmosis |
| junction protein | protein that assists cell-to-cell communication at the plasma membrane |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane |
| osmotic pressure | measure of the tendency of water to move across a differentially permeable membrane; visible as an increase in liquid on the side of the membrane with higher solute concentration |
| phagocytosis | process by which amoeboid-type cells engulf large substances, forming an intracellular vacuole |
| pinocytosis | process by which vesicle formation brings macromolecules into the cell |
| plasmodesmata | in plants, cytoplasmic strands that extend through pores in the cell wall and connect the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells. |
| plasmolysis | contraction of the cell contents due to the loss of water |
| receptor protein | protein located in the plasma membrane or within the cell; binds to a substance that alters some metabolic aspect of the cell |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | selective uptake of molecules into a cell by vacuole formation after they bind to specific receptor proteins in the plasma membrane |
| sodium-potassium pump | carrier protein in the plasma membrane that moves sodium ions out of and potassium ions into animal cells; important in nerve and muscle cells |
| solute | substance that is dissolved in a solvent, forming a solution |
| solution | fluid (the solvent) that contains a dissolved solid (the solute) |
| tight junction | junction between cells when adjacent plasma membrane proteins join to form an impermeable barrier |
| tonicity | osmolarity of a solution compared to that of a cell. If the solution is isotonic to the cell, there is no net movement of water; if the solution is hypotonic, the cell gains water; and if the solution is hypertonic, the cell loses water |
| turgor pressure | pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall; in plant cells, determined by the water content of the vacuole and provides internal support |
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