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Intro and Tissues

QuestionAnswer
What is Anatomy? Study of bodys structyre
What is Physiology? Study of the bodys function
What are the 6 levels of hierachy structural organization? Copy Cats trick 3 O's Chemical level Cellular Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
Atoms combine to make molecules at what level? The chemical Level
What are carbs, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic acids? 4 Macromolecules in the body
What is the cellular level of hierachy composed of? Cells and cellular organelles( Molecules)
What are the two different types of cells? Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
Tissue- What it does Collection of cells that work together to perform a function
Organ are made up of tissue. ex) heart, brain, liver, pancreas
Organ System Made up of a group of related organs that work together
2 types of circulatory organs that are in the organ system? Cardiovascular and Lymphatic
Organism human, animal or plant, made up of all organ systems that work together
Anatomical planes Frontal=coronal Transverse= Horizontal= Cross section Sagital
What are Epithelium, Connective tissue, Muscle Tissue, Nervous tissue? 4 Types of Tissue
1.Epithelial Tissue - what is it? 2.Function- 3.Characteristics- 1.covering/lining 2-protection,secretion, absoption, Ion transport 3. Cellularity (composed of cells) joined by cell junctions Polarity (apical vs basal cells differ) supported by connective tissue avascular innervated highly regenerative
Celularity Composed of cells
How do you Classify Epithelium Based on number of layers and cell shape
2 Different types of Layers Simple & Stratified
4 Types of shapes used to classify Epithelium squamous,cuboidal, columnar, transitional
6 types of Epithelium simple squamous (1 layeR) Simple cuboidal Simple Columnar Pseudostratified sqamous (> 1 layer) Transitional
Simple Squamous 1 Layer, Lungs, blood vessels, ventral body cavity
Simple cuboidal Kidney tubules, Glands
Simple culumnar Stomach, intestines
Pseudostratified columnar Respiratory passages
Stratified squamous Epidermis, mouth, esophagus, vagina -Regenerate, -Deep layers cuboidal and columnar
Transitional Thins when stretches Hollow urinary organs
Two special types of Epithelim Endothelim and Mesothelium
Two feature of the Apical Surface of Epithelium Microvilli- (small intestine)fingerlike extension Cilia (respiratory tubes)- whip like, moves mucous- 1 way
Features of Lateral Surface of Epithelium Cells are connected to neighboring cells by contour of cells and cell junctions
Features of the Basal surface Basement membrane- sheet between the epithelial and connective tissue. - Attaches to connective tissue below Made up of basil lamina and reticular fiber.
Glands epithelial cells that make and secrete a water based substance with proteins
Four ways glands can be classified Unicellular vs. multicellular Exocrine vs. Endocrine
Two types of glands Exocrine vs. Endocrine
Secrete substance onto body, activity local, have ducts, uni or multicellular ex) goblet cells, salivary, mammary, pancreae liver Exocrine Glands
Secrete product into blood stored in secretory cells excitatory no ducts ex) pancreas, adernal, pitutary, thyroid Endocrine glands
4 Types of connective tissue connective tissue proper cartilage bone tissue blood
Connective Tissue Most abundant and diverse tissue Functionally it a role in holding other tissues together, provides protection, insulates, plays a role in bulk flow, immunity, and storage of excess energy.
connective tissue continued.. Connective tissue typically contains a large percentage of extracellular matrix.
What are the three fibers in connective tissue? Reticular- form networks for structure and support strongest, most numerous, provides strength Collagen-long and thin, stretch and retain shape Elastic
3 components of connective tissue Fibroblasts Interstitial Ground matrix
Fibroblast cells that produce fibers and secrete
Interstitial tissue comes from blood, medium for nutrients, waste and oxygen to travel to cell and it is found in ground matrix
Ground matrix extra cellular It holds and absorbs interstitial fluid Produced and secreted by fibroblasts jelly like
Two types of connective tissue Loose CT and Dense CT
Functions of Loose and Dense CT proper support and bind to other tissue hold body fluids defends against infection stores nutrients as fat
bodys first defense from infection? all types of fiber present all typical cells prents surrounds blood vessels and nerves Areolar tissue
Macrophages eat foreign particles
Plasma Cells Secrete antibodies
White Blood cells fight from infection
Two types of specialized Loose CT Proper Adipose Reticular
Adipose tissue loaded with adipocytes, highly vascularized, high metabolic activity, insulates, produces engery, found in hypodermis under skin
Reticular CT contains reticular fibers, forms internal skeletons of some organs, found in bone marrow, holds blood cells lymph nodes, spleen
Dense/Fibrous Connective Tissue contains alot of collagen, can resist strong pulling forces, Reg vs Irregualr
Regular fibers vs. Irregular fibers Reg- run in same direction, parallel to pull Irregular- thicker, run in diff direction
Main set up of CT PROPER Cells--> Fibroblasts found in gel like ground substance Defense cells (macrophages, white blood cells) found in matrix are collagen, reticular and elastic fibers Adipocytes-
2nd type of Connective Tissue Cartilage
Cartilage 3 types Hyaline-most abundantm fibers in matrix, support via flexibility Elastic- elastic fibers in matrix, flexible Fibrocartilage- resists both compression and tension
What produces Cartilage Chondroblasts
What matures cartilage cells? Chondrocytes
Features of cartilage Firm, Flexible Resists compession avascular not innercated perichondrium
Cartilages Cells and matrix Chrondocytes- gel like ground substance Chondroblasts- Lots of water Fibroblasts- Collagen and elastic fibers
3rd type of connective tissue BONE
Features of Bone Tissue well vascularized Support, protect, mineral storage, movement, blood cell formation.
Osteoblast Secrete organic bone matrix
Osteocytes mature bone cells
Osteoclasts break and reabsob bone
Periostuem External later that surround bone. Outter- Dense irregular ct Inner- osteoblasts, osteoclasts
Compact bone is what layer? and what is its function?of osteon External layer, parrallel to long axis of the bone
Lamella Layer of bone matrix where all fibers run in the same direction
Haversian Canal Runs through center of osteon
Interstitial lamelle fills spaces and forms periphery
Spongey Bone internal layer
Trabeculae Small needles like pieces of bone from honeycomb
Flat bones Skull, sternum, clavicle
Irregular bones pelvis, vertebraa
Short bones Carpals, patella
Long bones femur, phalanges, metacarpals, humerous
Anatomy of a long bone Diaphyisis, 2 epiphyses, periosteum, endosteum
2 types of bone formation Intramembranous ossification, Endochondral Ossification
Bone Growth Appositional growth and lengthening of bone Appositional growth- widening of bone
Remodeling of Bone Due to mechanical stresses on bones, their tissue needs to be replaced. Osteoclasts break down bone,osteoblasts- form new bone
Matrix of osteblasts gel like ground substance calcified with inorganic salts
Matrix of fibroblasts Collagen fibers
4th type of connective tissue BLOOD
Function of Blood Transport waste, gases and nutrients Regulates body temperature protects by fighting infection - comes from mesenchyme
Hematopoiesis production of blood cells
Erythrocytes Red blood cells Matrix is Plasma (liquid matrix) most abundant
Leukocytes White blood cells Matrix has no fibbers FIght against infection
Platelets= Thrombocytes fragments of cytoplasm and plug small tears
Muscle tissue Made up of muscle cells and fiber, Fucntion- movement, maintenance of posture joint stabilization heat generation
Three types of muscle tissue Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Skeletal muscle tissue cells- long and cylindrical in bundles, multinucleate, obvious striations VOLUNTARY attatched to bones, fascia, skin at origin and insertion Has Endomysium-->surrounds bone, Perimysuim-->surrounds bundles and Epimysim-->surrounds muscle
Cardiac muscle tissue Cells- branching or chains, single or binucleated, striations, connected my intercalated discs INVOLUNTARY JUST Endomysium- surounding cells
Smooth muscle tissue Cells- Single cells, uninucleate, no striations INVOLUNTAY Endomysium- surrounds cells
4th type of TISSUE Nervous tissue
Characteristics of Nervous tissue neurons- specialized nerve cells No Mitosis ( cell replication) Longevity High metabloic rate
What does nervous tissue do? Support cells- Neuroglial- nourisment, insulation, protect Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Integumentary System Protects, cuhsions, prevention of water loss, thermoregulation, extretion, Sensory reception.
Layers of the skin Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis, Skin appendages-->outgrowth of the epidermis- hair folicles, sweat, nails
Cell layers of the epidermis Stratum---- cornem- dead keratinocytes Lucidum- only in thick skin Granulosum-water proofing Spinosum- resists tear and tension Basale- sensory receptors
Characteristics of layers of the dermis 2 layers- Papillary and Reticular Innervated, vascularized, collagen and elastic fibers
Characteristics of the hypodermis Also called- superficial fascia areolar and adipose connective tissue - it stores fat, anchors skin to muscle and insulates
Structure of Tubular organs LUMEN-
Created by: ewsut24
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