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Skeletal System A&P
Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the functions of bones? ** | provides structure & shape, protects organs, **aids in movement*, mineral storage CALCIUM & PHOSPHORIS can release calcium to maintain blood level |
| Types of Bones | Long bones - Short Bones - Flat Bones - Irregular Bones |
| Epiphysis | end section of each bone |
| Diaphysis | middle section of bone |
| Articular Cartilage | connective tissue between bones |
| Periosteum * | a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones- except at the joints of long bones |
| Compact bone * | dense bone , Compact bone forms a shell around cancellous bone and is the primary component of the long bones of the arm and leg and other bones, where its greater strength and rigidity are needed. |
| spongy bone | igher surface area but is less dense, softer, weaker, and less stiff. It typically occurs at the ends of long bones, highly vascular and frequently contains red bone marrow |
| Medullary canal | central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow are stored |
| Endosteum | thin layer of connective tissue which lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones |
| Bone Marrow | flexible tissue found in the interior of bones, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells |
| Haversian canals | series of tubes around narrow channels formed by lamellae, inside compact bone, surround blood vessels and nerve cells throughout the bone |
| Formation - Ossification | process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. |
| Formation - Osteoblasts | cells that are responsible for bone formation |
| Formation- Osteocytes | star-shaped cell, most abundant cell found in compact bone, used for exchange of nutrients and waste, |
| Formation - Epiphyseal plate | each end of a long bone. The plate is found in children and adolescents; in adults, who have stopped growing, the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line. |
| Markings- process | ? |
| Markings - Condyle | |
| Markings - Head | |
| Markings- Neck | |
| Markings- Trochanter | |
| Markings - Crest | |
| Markings - Foramen | |
| Markings - Fossa | |
| Markings - Notch | |
| Markings - Sinus | |
| Markings - Proximal | |
| Flat Bones * | contains most Red bone marrow, no yellow marrow. Includes, Cranium, Sterium and ribs. |
| Irregular bones * | includes remaining bones. ex. facial, auitory, vertebrae. |
| long bones * | largest bones and move the body. Ex. Femur and humerus. contains red and yellow marrow. |
| short bones * | increases joint strength and mobility. ex.metacarpel, metatarsel,phalangy |
| Markings - Distal | away from the body |
| Axial Skeleton | core skeleton, 80 bones,skull, facial bones, rib cage & spine |
| Cranium - Frontal | forehead |
| Cranium - Parietal | Side |
| Cranium- Occipital | Base |
| Cranium - Tempural | just above ears |
| Cranium - Sphenoid | @ base of skull in temporal lobe, all cranial bones attach to it |
| Cranium - Ethmoid | between the eyes |
| Cranium - Hyoid | attaches to tongue |
| Cranium - Sutures | lines forming junction between cranial bones |
| Cranium - Fontanels | membrane like opening in the cranium of newborns |
| Facial Bones - Maxilla | upper jaw |
| Facial Bones - Mandible | lower jaw |
| Facial Bones - Nasal Cavity | - created by 5 bones, 2 nasal bones - Vomer- lower part of nasal septum, creates midline (septum) - Inferior Concha - one on each side of nasal cavity |
| Facial Bones - Lacrimal | eye socket, tear ducts |
| Facial Bones - Zygomatic | forms the cheek |
| Facial Bones - Auditory Ossicles | - 3 tiny bones in ear Mallleus , Incus (Anvil) , Stapes (stirrup) |
| Spine - Vertebrae - Cervical | (7) - in the neck, C1- atlas- 1st cervical vertebrae, articulates w/ occipital bones- up @ down movement C2 - axis, 2nd articulations, w/ the atlas- side-to-side movement |
| Spine - Vertebrae - Thoracic | (12) - chest area- upper back- works with ribs |
| Spine - Vertebrae - Lumbar | (5) - lower back, primary weight bearing vertebrae |
| Spine - Vertebrae - Sacrum | 5 as child, fuses into 1 as adult. Forms pelvic girdle, works w hips |
| Spine - Vertebrae - Coccyx | tail bone - 4 as a child, fuses to 1 as adult |
| Spine - Vertebrae - Foramen | opening thru a bone, hole down center for spinal cord |
| Rib Cage - True Ribs | (14), 7 on each side - attach in front of sternum to back vertebrae |
| Rib Cage - False Ribs | 3 @ side - attached @ 7 ribs & vertebrae |
| Rib Cage - Floating Ribs | 2 @ side - attach only to vertebrae |
| Rib Cage - Costal Cartilage | attaches ribs to sternum |
| Rib Cage - Sternum | breastbone -manubrium - upper portion - body - middle portion - Xiphoid Process - lower portion, made of cartilage |
| Appendicular Skeleton *know axial & appendicular diagram | 126 bones, shoulder girdle, pelvic, arms & legs |
| Shoulder Girdle | - scapula shoulder blade, triangle shape - Acromion Process - projection from the spine to scapula - clavicle- collar bone |
| Humerus | - upper arm, 2nd longest bone, funny bone |
| Radius | - outside forearm - thumb side - rotates ulna |
| Ulna | - lower arm, larger than radius |
| Olecranon Process | - part of the ulna that forms the elbow |
| Carpals | Wrists |
| Metacarpals | Hand bones |
| Phalanges | finger bones - digits |
| Pelvic girdle | pelvis |
| Ilium | upper flared bones in the back |
| Iliac Crest *** | top ridge of ilium |
| Ischium | lower in the back |
| Acetabulum *** | cavity in ischium, forms hip socket |
| Pubic | front |
| Symphysis pubis | area where the pubic bones meet |
| Legs - Femur *** | largest bone/ strongest upper bone |
| Legs - Patella *** | knee cap |
| Legs - Tibia | lower leg (larger of the 2) |
| Legs - Fibula | smaller bone in lower leg |
| Legs - Tarsals ** | ankle bone - Calcaneous - makes heal of foot - Talus - tarsals works w tibia/fibia |
| Legs - Metatarsals | foot bones |
| Legs - Phalanges | Toe bones |
| Joints - | articulations of bones where bones meet |
| Joints - Diarthroses | moveable joints |
| Joints - Articular Cartlage | where 2 bones meet |
| Joints - Bursa | joint capsule |
| Joints - Synovial Cavity *** | joint cavity between the articular cartilage of 2 bones - contains Synovial Fluid for lubrication |
| Ball & Socket | greatest freedom of movement, hip & shoulder |
| Hinge *** | moves in 1 direction. ex knee & elbow |
| Pivot | allows rotation ex. radius/ulna, axis/atlas |
| Gliding | nearly flat allows gliding movement ex vertebrae, tarsal, carpel |
| Amphiarthroses | partially moving cartilage,small amount of movement - ex ribs, vertebrae, sternum |
| Synarthosis *** | no moveable joints connected by tough fibrous tissue that doesnt allow movement |
| Movement - ** | diarthrosis |
| Movement - Flexion ** | decrease the angle, brings 2 bones closer together |
| Movement - Extension ** | increase the angle, straightening the motion |
| Movement - Abduction | away from midline |
| Movement - Adduction | moves toward midline |
| Movement - Rotation | moves around central axis |
| Movement - Circumduction | complete circle |
| Movement - Pronation | palms face back or towards the bed |
| Movement - Supination | palm face forward or up |
| Movement - Inversion | turn in |
| Movement - Eversion | turn out |
| Movement - - Plantar Flexion | extend ankle away, push toes away from ankles, like youre painting nails, |
| Movement - Dorsiflexion | flex ankle toward knee |
| - Fracture | -broken bone |
| Fracture - Greenstick | incomplete, common in kids |
| Fracture - Simple | closed, no break in skin |
| Fracture Compound | Open, out of place, breaks thru skin |
| fracture Comminuted | splints, breaks in multiple pieces |
| Dislocation | bone gets displaced from joint |
| Sprain | torn ligaments, joints not dislocated, |
| Arthritis | joint inflammation |
| Herniated Disc | cartilage dislocated between veterbrae, out of place |
| Rickets | insufficient vit d - bones become soft due to lack of calcium |
| spiral curvature - kyphosis | hunch back, curves outward |
| spiral curvature -lordosis | swayback, curves in @ lumber area |
| spiral curvature -Scoliosis | side to side curve of pine, " S " shape |
| Osteoporosis | weakening of bones, d/t insufficient calcium & exercise, more bone tissue lost than made |
| Osteomyelitis * | infection of bone tissue |
| Osteosarcoma * | bone tissue |
| Hemaporosis **** | production of blood cells, RVC , WVC, PLATELETS |
| Bones ** | requires calcium & phosphorous |
Created by:
danaslanaker
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