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Nervous System *
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| neuron | Transmits instructions to and receives information from every minute part of every human system. |
| cerebrum | Responsible for higher mental functions including reasoning and memory. |
| fissure | Deep grooves in the lobes of the cerebrum. |
| gyri | Raised areas of the cerebrum. |
| sulci | Grooves in between the gyri. |
| cerebellum | Responsible for coordinating muscle movement and maintaining posture. |
| diencephalon | Contains vital activity centers, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, optic chiasm, and pituitary gland. |
| mesencephalon | Contains structures associated with visual reflexes and hearing. |
| pons | Functions as a relay center within the brain. |
| medulla oblongata | Relay center for the impulses to and from the spinal cord, it is the nervous center which controls the heart, respiration, and vasomotor reactions. |
| optic chiasm | Point where the optic nerves cross. |
| meninges | Three membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord. |
| dura mater | Outermost membrane layer that contacts the bones of the cranium. |
| arachnoid | Mesh of connective tissue. |
| pia mater | Innermost membrane that lies on the surface of the brain. |
| choroid plexus | Responsible for generating cerebrospinal fluid that circulates through the hollow areas of the brain and spinal cord. |
| cerebrospinal fluid | Functions primarily as a shock absorber. |
| The raised portions of the cerebral surface. | gyri |
| The three membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord. | meninges |
| Accounts for 80% of the brain's mass. | cerebrum |
| Projections into the brain ventricles that produce cerebrospinal fluid. | choroid plexus |
| Deep grooves which divide the lobes of the cerebral hemisphere. | fissures |
| Together with the pons, it makes up the brain stem. | medulla oblongata |
| Grooves between the gyri. | sulci |
| The thinner, more delicate, middle layer of the meninges. | arachnoid |
| The second major structure of the brain. | cerebellum |
| The outermost layer of the meninges; it contacts the cranium. | dura mater |
| Bundle of nerves branching out from the conus medullaris. | cauda equina |
| Made up of spinal nerves and cranial nerves. | peripheral nervous system |
| The level at which the spinal cord tapers to a cone-shaped ending. | conus medullaris |
| Nervous system functioning without conscious control. | autonomic nervous system |
| Made up of brain and spinal cord. | central nervous system |
| Sensory or _____ neuron impulses originate in the organ and are then conducted to the CNS. | afferent |
| The connective tissue components of the nervous system are called _____ cells. | glial |
| Receptors for signals that conduct electrical signals towards the nerve cell body._____ | dendrites |
| Motor or _____ neuron impulses originate in the CNS and are then conducted to the organ. | efferent |
| Fatty white material surrounding the neuron._____ | myelin |
| Impulse generators and conductors that transmit nerve impulses away from the nerve cell body._____ | axons |
| Cranial nerve 1: olfactory nerve | The sense of smell. |
| Cranial nerve 2: optic nerve | Vision. This is a sensory-only nerve that conducts impulses from the retina of the eye. It originates in the back of the eyeball |
| Cranial nerve 3: oculomotor nerve | This nerve controls all movement of the eyeballs. It is primarily a motor nerve. It comes out of the midbrain and serves four of the six eye muscles, as well as the muscle of the eyelid, the iris (which causes pupil dilation), and the ciliary body. |
| Damage to these nerves can cause a droopy eyelid, constant dilated pupil, or the inability to rotate the eyeball. | 3 |
| Cranial nerve 4: trochlear nerve | This is a very small nerve, both sensory and motor, that innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye. |
| Cranial nerve 5: trigeminal nerve | This is the largest of the cranial nerves. It is primarily sensory, but does send motor impulses to the muscles of mastication (chewing). |
| Cranial nerve 6: abducens nerve | This is a small nerve that provides both motor and sensory innervation to the lateral rectus eye muscle. |
| Damage to this nerve causes the eyeball to be pulled medially, and makes it unable to move laterally at all. | 6 |
| Cranial nerve 7: facial nerve | This is a mixed nerve. The motor fibers innervate facial, scalp, and superficial neck muscles. The salivary glands are also innervated by this. The sensory fibers arise from the taste buds on the tongue. |
| Damage to these nerves distorts taste perception, particularly with sweets, and causes the face to sag. | 7 |
| Cranial nerve 8: vestibulocochlear nerve | Hearing and equilibrium. This is also called the acoustic nerve. It is a sensory nerve that arises within the inner ear. |
| 8:The vestibular branch controls | equilibrium and balance |
| 8: The cochlear portion controls | hearing. |
| Damage to these nerves can cause deafness or dizziness and inability to maintain balance. | 8 |
| Cranial nerve 9: glossopharyngeal nerve This is a mixed nerve that innervates the | tongue and pharynx. |
| 9:The sensory portion transmits impulses from | the tonsils, salivary gland, and back third of the tongue. |
| 9: The motor fibers innervate the muscles of the pharynx that help with | swallowing. |
| Damage to these nerves would result in a loss of bitter and sour taste, or could cause difficulty swallowing. | 9 |
| Cranial nerve 10: vagus nerve | This arises from the medulla and has both motor and sensory fibers that serve autonomic organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. |
| 10:It is associated with such functions as | breathing, heartbeat, hunger pangs, and peristalsis. |
| 10:One of its branches supplies the larynx and controls | speech. |
| Damage to both of these nerves would result in death; damage to only one would affect speech and swallowing. | 10 |
| Cranial nerve 11: accessory nerve | This is a motor nerve only. |
| 11: It innervates the muscles of the pharyngeal region as well as the sternocleidomastoid and | trapezius muscles. |
| Damage to this nerve would make it difficult to rotate the head or shrug the shoulders. | 11 |
| Cranial nerve 12: hypoglossal nerve | This supplies motor fibers to the muscles of the tongue. |
| Damage would cause difficulty speaking, swallowing, or sticking out the tongue. | 12 |
| Visual acuity. | 2 |
| Tongue movement. | 12 |
| Chewing. | 5 |
| Innervates the superior oblique eye muscle. | 4 |
| Smell. | 1 |
| Motor and sensory innervation to lateral rectus eye muscle. | 6 |
| Damage to it makes head rotation difficult. | 11 |
| Taste buds. | 7 |
| Eyeball movement. | 3 |
| Damage to it causes deafness. | 8 |
| A band of connective tissue that extends to the coccyx. | filum terminale |
| Controls hearing and balance: | vestibulocochlear |
| amnesia | Lack or loss of memory; the inability to remember past experiences. |
| aphasia | Defect or loss of the power of expression, especially speech, but also writing or signing, or of comprehending either spoken or written language due to an injury or disease of the brain. |
| apraxia | The loss of the ability to carry out familiar, purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis or another motor or sensory impairment. |
| asterixis | A coarse, slow, nonrhythmic movement, usually of the outstretched hands, but also other muscle groups when there is sustained contraction of them. |
| asterixis: This is also called | "liver flap" because it is associated with hepatic comas; however, it is observed in other conditions as well. |
| ataxia | Failure of muscular coordination resulting in a reeling, wide-based gait (the manner or style of walking). |
| athetosis | A form of dyskinesia marked by ceaseless slow, sinuous, writhing movements, especially of the hands (picture a pianist just before he touches the keys, but slower) which is involuntary. |
| catatonia | A psychomotor disturbance usually (but not always) associated with schizophrenia. |
| catatonia can take on different forms and severity, including a decrease in reactivity to the | environment, resistance to all instructions or attempts to be moved, maintenance of a rigid posture, excited, uncontrollable and purposeless motor activity, or the assumption of bizarre fixed postures. |
| causalgia | A burning pain due to injury of a peripheral nerve. |
| The loss of the ability to carry out familiar movements not associated with paralysis is called | apraxia. |
| Causalgia is a burning pain due to | peripheral nerve damage. |
| A characteristic of ataxia is a wide-based | gait. |
| Catatonia is sometimes associated with | schizophrenia. |
| cephalalgia | A headache. There are many different types of headaches which occur for many different reasons. |
| Headache types: | stress headaches, cluster headaches, and one of the most severe, migraine headaches. |
| chorea | The ceaseless occurrence of a wide variety of rapid, highly complex, jerky, dyskinetic movements that appear to be well coordinated, but are performed involuntarily. |
| concussion | A violent jar or shock to the brain or the condition which results from such an injury. |
| convulsion | A violent, involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the usually voluntary muscles. |
| Convulsion: Sometimes used interchangeably with | seizure. |
| delirium | acute mental syndrome characterized by a inability to maintain attention to external stimuli, disorganized thinking, rambling and incoherent speech, a reduced level of consciousness, incorrect sensory perceptions, disorientation and memory impairment. |
| delusion | A false belief that is firmly maintained despite irrefutable evidence to the contrary and in spite of members of the culture not sharing the belief. |
| dementia | An organic mental syndrome characterized by a loss of intellectual abilities, including impairment of memory, judgment, and abstract thinking, as well as changes in personality. |
| dementia: The most common cause is | Alzheimer disease. |
| dissociation | A process whereby specific internal mental contents, such as memories, ideas, feelings, and perceptions, are lost to conscious awareness and become unavailable to voluntary recall. |
| dysarthria | Slurring and inappropriate phrasing during speech, as well as the inability to control speech volume due to disturbances of muscular control. |
| dysarthria is a result of central or peripheral | nerve damage. |
| dysdiadochokinesia | The inability to perform rapid alternating movements. |
| dysmetria | Inability to control muscular range of motion. |
| dysphasia | Impairment of speech, specifically lacking coordination and ability to arrange words in their proper order. |
| dysphoria | Disquiet, restlessness, malaise. |
| fasciculations | Brief, small, irregular twitches of muscle visible through the skin, caused by a single motor filament. |
| hallucination | A sense perception without a source in the external world. The perception of an object or sound when no such object or sound exists. |
| Hallucination can involve all of the senses, but the most common are | audio and visual hallucinations. |
| hypersomnolence | Sleep disorders consisting of the need for excessive amounts of sleep or causing extreme drowsiness when awake. This can be either psychogenic in origin, have an organic cause involving the nervous system, or be related to medication or drug use. |
| Disquiet, restlessness, malaise are signs of | dysphoria. |
| Fasciculations are brief, small, irregular | twitches. |
| Dysphasia is impairment of | speech. |
| hypesthesia | Abnormally decreased sensitivity, particularly to touch. |
| hypotonia | Diminished tone of the skeletal muscles. |
| ideation | The formation of a mental concept or image. |
| suicidal ideation | Formulating thoughts about harming or killing oneself. |
| homicidal ideation | Formulating thoughts about harming or killing someone else. |
| insomnia | The inability to sleep. |
| malaise | A vague feeling of bodily discomfort and fatigue. |
| myoclonus | A brief, lightning-like contraction of a muscle, a portion of a muscle, or a group of muscles. This occurs in normal healthy people as they fall asleep. |
| A hiccup is a diaphragmatic | myoclonus. |
| Hypesthesia involves an abnormally (decreased, increased) sensitivity. | decreased |
| A hiccup is a (diaphragmatic, diphragmatic) myoclonus. | diaphragmatic |
| Malaise involves a (vague, acute) feeling of discomfort. | vague |
| The thought of harming or killing someone else is called (suicidal, homicidal) ideation. | homicidal |
| The prefix hypo- means (below normal, above normal). | below normal |
| An inability for sexual activity between adult human partners is generally referred to as _____. | paraphilia |
| The preference for sexual activity with prepubescent children is referred to as _____. | pedophilia |
| Cross-dressing is associated with _____. | transvestism |
| Receiving gratification from viewing people naked or engaged in sexual behavior is known as _____. | voyeurism |
| Receiving gratification from exposing yourself to people is known as _____. | exhibitionism |
| paralysis | Loss or impairment of motor function or sensation in a body part. |
| paranoia | The term used to describe behavior characterized by systematic delusions of persecution, delusions of grandeur, or a combination of the two. |
| paraphilia | gross impairment in the capacity for sexual activity between adult human partners. |
| fetishism | The use of physical objects as the preferred method of producing sexual excitement (such as shoes). |
| transvestism | The dressing by heterosexual males in female clothing. |
| pedophilia | A preference for sexual activity with prepubescent children. |
| exhibitionism | Repetitive acts of exposing the genitals to an unsuspecting stranger for sexual excitation. |
| voyeurism | Looking at unsuspecting people who are naked, undressing, or engaging in sexual activity for the purpose of sexual excitation. |
| masochism | intentional participation in an activity in which the individual is physically harmed or the individual's life is threatened in order to produce sexual excitement. |
| paresis | Slight or incomplete paralysis. |
| paresthesia | An abnormal touch sensation such as burning, pricking, or feeling that something is crawling over your skin when no external stimulus is present. |
| Phalen maneuver | A test in a physical examination to determine the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome. |
| proprioception | A sense or perception, usually at a subconscious level, of the movements and position of the body and especially its limbs, independent of vision; |
| Proprioception is gained primarily from input from | sensory nerve terminals in muscles and tendons (muscle spindles) and the fibrous capsule of joints combined with input from the vestibular apparatus. |
| Romberg test | With feet approximated, the subject stands with eyes open and then closed; |
| if closing the eyes increases clumsiness in movement or gait, a loss of proprioceptive control is indicated, and the sign is | positive. |
| scotoma | An area of lost or depressed vision within the visual field, generally surrounded by normal vision. This is also used in psychiatry as mental scotoma or a figurative blind spot, wherein the patient has no insight into his or her problems. |
| The _____ maneuver is a test on physical examination to determine the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome. | Phalen |
| Slight or incomplete paralysis is _____. | paresis |
| An act of _____ involves inflicting of physical or psychologic harm or suffering on a sexual partner as a method of stimulating sexual excitement or orgasm. | sadism |
| Examples of _____ are humiliation, bondage, or whipping. | masochism |
| The _____ test is a test performed by having the patient stand with feet together or walk with his/her eyes closed to determine the presence of clumsiness in movements or gait. | Romberg |
| seizure | Literally this means a sudden attack or recurrence of a disease. It is often used interchangeably with the term convulsion. There are different types of seizures. |
| tonic-clonic | Characterized by loss of consciousness and alternate muscular contraction and relaxation in rapid succession. The contraction and relaxation is called clonus; tonic is the restoration of normal muscle tone. |
| grand mal | Also known as a tonic-clonic seizure (pronounced like "mall"). |
| absence seizure | Brief generalized seizures, manifested by a 10–30 second loss of consciousness with eye or muscle flutterings either with or without the loss of muscle tone, but without clonic activity. |
| petit mal | Also known as absence seizures. |
| somnolence | Sleepiness. |
| stupor | A lower level of consciousness. The patient responds only to vigorous stimulation. In psychiatry it is used to describe a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. |
| tic | An involuntary, compulsive, repetitive movement, usually involving the face or shoulders. This is not to be confused with a tick, which is a blood-sucking parasite. (Know anyone like that?) |
| Tinel sign | A tingling sensation in the distal end of a limb when percussion is made over the site of a nerve. This is used to determine the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome. |
| tremor | An involuntary trembling or quivering. |
| vertigo | An illusory sense that either the environment or one's own body is revolving. It is mistakenly used synonymously with dizziness. |
| In psychiatry it is used to describe a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. | stupor |
| Sleepiness. | somnolence |
| An involuntary, compulsive, repetitive movement, usually involving the face or shoulders. | tic |
| A tingling sensation in the distal end of a limb when percussion is made over the site of a nerve. | Tinel sign |
| An illusory sense that either the environment or one's own body is revolving. | vertigo |
| Alzheimer disease | A progressive degenerative disease of the brain of unknown etiology, with atrophy of the cerebral cortex including plaques and tangles of neuron particles. It occurs twice as often in women as in men. |
| Arnold-Chiari malformation | A congenital deformity that occurs when portions of the medulla oblongata and cerebellum protrude into the spinal canal. |
| arteriovenous malformation | congenital deformity of tangled, dilated blood vessels where arterial contents flow directly into veins. Produces a consistently enlarging vasculature;causes neurologic abnormalities |
| astrocytoma | A tumor composed of neuroglial cells. It is the most common type of primary brain tumor and is also found throughout the central nervous system. There are different classifications and grades of these tumors. |
| Bell palsy | A functional disorder of cranial nerve VII resulting in paralysis of one side of the facial muscles and distortion of taste. This is usually due to a lesion on the nerve. |
| bipolar disorder | A mood/personality disorder where both depressive and excited/elated periods occur. It usually begins with depression, and at least one time during the illness there is an elated period. |
| carpal tunnel syndrome | A disorder caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel; it is characterized by pain and burning or tingling paresthesias in the fingers and hand, sometimes radiating up the arm. |
| cerebral palsy | describes a number of motor disorders in young children resulting from brain damage, often in utero or during birth. |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | Often used synonymously with a stroke. CVA is a nonspecific term for ischemic (cutting off the blood supply) or hemorrhagic (bleeding) lesions that affect the brain. Technically, a stroke is an ischemic-type lesion. |
| dysthymia | A mood disorder characterized by depressed feelings, which persists for two or more years. differs from major depression because the symptoms last longer and are not as severe as they are in depression. |
| encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain. |
| encephalomyelitis | Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. |
| encephalopathy | Any degenerative disease of the brain. |
| epilepsy | A recurrent paroxysmal disorder of cerebral function characterized by sudden brief attacks of altered consciousness, motor activity, sensory phenomena, or inappropriate behavior. One episode is generally called a seizure. |
| glioma | A tumor composed of tissue which represents neuroglia. The term is sometimes used to describe any tumor of the brain or spinal cord. |
| Guillain-Barre syndrome | An acute, usually rapidly progressive form of inflammatory polyneuropathy (usually lesions affecting many peripheral nerves) characterized by muscle weakness and mild sensory loss;occurs 5 days to 3 weeks past infection, surgery, or shots. |
| herniated nucleus pulposus | A herniated, ruptured, or prolapsed intervertebral disc. |
| Spinal vertebrae are separated by cartilage discs consisting of | an outer anulus fibrosus and an inner nucleus pulposus. |
| hydrocephalus | A condition marked by dilatation of the cerebral ventricles, usually secondary to obstruction in the pathways for cerebrospinal fluid, with a subsequent accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the skull. |
| Lou Gehrig disease | (Also called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS). |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | A motor neuron disease of unknown cause characterized by muscular weakness and atrophy, cramps, visible fasciculations, spasticity, hyperactive reflexes, dysarthria and dysphagia. |
| ALS: 50% of patients die within | three years of onset; 20% live five years, and 10% live for ten years. |
| An acute, usually rapidly progressive form of inflammatory polyneuropathy characterized by muscle weakness and mild sensory loss. | Guillain-Barre syndrome |
| Also called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). | Lou Gehrig disease |
| A tumor composed of tissue which represents neuroglia. | glioma |
| A herniated, ruptured, or prolapsed intervertebral disc. | herniated nucleus pulposus |
| A condition marked by dilatation of the cerebral ventricles, usually secondary to obstruction in the pathways for cerebrospinal fluid. | hydrocephalus |
| Inflammation of the brain. | encephalitis |
| A recurrent paroxysmal disorder of cerebral function characterized by sudden brief attacks of altered consciousness, motor activity, sensory phenomena, or inappropriate behavior. | epilepsy |
| sadism | The inflicting of physical or psychologic harm or suffering on a sexual partner as a method of stimulating sexual excitement or orgasm. |
| amnesia | Lack or loss of memory; the inability to remember past experiences. |
| aphasia | Defect or loss of the power of expression, especially speech, but also writing or signing, or of comprehending either spoken or written language due to an injury or disease of the brain. |
| apraxia | The loss of the ability to carry out familiar, purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis or another motor or sensory impairment. |
| asterixis | A coarse, slow, nonrhythmic movement, usually of the outstretched hands, but also other muscle groups when there is sustained contraction of them. |
| asterixis: This is also called | "liver flap" because it is associated with hepatic comas; however, it is observed in other conditions as well. |
| ataxia | Failure of muscular coordination resulting in a reeling, wide-based gait (the manner or style of walking). |
| athetosis | A form of dyskinesia marked by ceaseless slow, sinuous, writhing movements, especially of the hands (picture a pianist just before he touches the keys, but slower) which is involuntary. |
| catatonia | A psychomotor disturbance usually (but not always) associated with schizophrenia. |
| catatonia can take on different forms and severity, including a decrease in reactivity to the | environment, resistance to all instructions or attempts to be moved, maintenance of a rigid posture, excited, uncontrollable and purposeless motor activity, or the assumption of bizarre fixed postures. |
| causalgia | A burning pain due to injury of a peripheral nerve. |
| The loss of the ability to carry out familiar movements not associated with paralysis is called | apraxia. |
| Causalgia is a burning pain due to | peripheral nerve damage. |
| A characteristic of ataxia is a wide-based | gait. |
| Catatonia is sometimes associated with | schizophrenia. |
| cephalalgia | A headache. There are many different types of headaches which occur for many different reasons. |
| Headache types: | stress headaches, cluster headaches, and one of the most severe, migraine headaches. |
| chorea | The ceaseless occurrence of a wide variety of rapid, highly complex, jerky, dyskinetic movements that appear to be well coordinated, but are performed involuntarily. |
| concussion | A violent jar or shock to the brain or the condition which results from such an injury. |
| convulsion | A violent, involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the usually voluntary muscles. |
| Convulsion: Sometimes used interchangeably with | seizure. |
| delirium | acute mental syndrome characterized by a inability to maintain attention to external stimuli, disorganized thinking, rambling and incoherent speech, a reduced level of consciousness, incorrect sensory perceptions, disorientation and memory impairment. |
| delusion | A false belief that is firmly maintained despite irrefutable evidence to the contrary and in spite of members of the culture not sharing the belief. |
| dementia | An organic mental syndrome characterized by a loss of intellectual abilities, including impairment of memory, judgment, and abstract thinking, as well as changes in personality. |
| dementia: The most common cause is | Alzheimer disease. |
| dissociation | A process whereby specific internal mental contents, such as memories, ideas, feelings, and perceptions, are lost to conscious awareness and become unavailable to voluntary recall. |
| dysarthria | Slurring and inappropriate phrasing during speech, as well as the inability to control speech volume due to disturbances of muscular control. |
| dysarthria is a result of central or peripheral | nerve damage. |
| dysdiadochokinesia | The inability to perform rapid alternating movements. |
| dysmetria | Inability to control muscular range of motion. |
| dysphasia | Impairment of speech, specifically lacking coordination and ability to arrange words in their proper order. |
| dysphoria | Disquiet, restlessness, malaise. |
| fasciculations | Brief, small, irregular twitches of muscle visible through the skin, caused by a single motor filament. |
| hallucination | A sense perception without a source in the external world. The perception of an object or sound when no such object or sound exists. |
| Hallucination can involve all of the senses, but the most common are | audio and visual hallucinations. |
| hypersomnolence | Sleep disorders consisting of the need for excessive amounts of sleep or causing extreme drowsiness when awake. This can be either psychogenic in origin, have an organic cause involving the nervous system, or be related to medication or drug use. |
| Disquiet, restlessness, malaise are signs of | dysphoria. |
| Fasciculations are brief, small, irregular | twitches. |
| Dysphasia is impairment of | speech. |
| hypesthesia | Abnormally decreased sensitivity, particularly to touch. |
| hypotonia | Diminished tone of the skeletal muscles. |
| ideation | The formation of a mental concept or image. |
| suicidal ideation | Formulating thoughts about harming or killing oneself. |
| homicidal ideation | Formulating thoughts about harming or killing someone else. |
| insomnia | The inability to sleep. |
| malaise | A vague feeling of bodily discomfort and fatigue. |
| myoclonus | A brief, lightning-like contraction of a muscle, a portion of a muscle, or a group of muscles. This occurs in normal healthy people as they fall asleep. |
| A hiccup is a diaphragmatic | myoclonus. |
| Hypesthesia involves an abnormally (decreased, increased) sensitivity. | decreased |
| A hiccup is a (diaphragmatic, diphragmatic) myoclonus. | diaphragmatic |
| Malaise involves a (vague, acute) feeling of discomfort. | vague |
| The thought of harming or killing someone else is called (suicidal, homicidal) ideation. | homicidal |
| The prefix hypo- means (below normal, above normal). | below normal |
| An inability for sexual activity between adult human partners is generally referred to as _____. | paraphilia |
| The preference for sexual activity with prepubescent children is referred to as _____. | pedophilia |
| Cross-dressing is associated with _____. | transvestism |
| Receiving gratification from viewing people naked or engaged in sexual behavior is known as _____. | voyeurism |
| Receiving gratification from exposing yourself to people is known as _____. | exhibitionism |
| paralysis | Loss or impairment of motor function or sensation in a body part. |
| paranoia | The term used to describe behavior characterized by systematic delusions of persecution, delusions of grandeur, or a combination of the two. |
| paraphilia | gross impairment in the capacity for sexual activity between adult human partners. |
| fetishism | The use of physical objects as the preferred method of producing sexual excitement (such as shoes). |
| transvestism | The dressing by heterosexual males in female clothing. |
| pedophilia | A preference for sexual activity with prepubescent children. |
| exhibitionism | Repetitive acts of exposing the genitals to an unsuspecting stranger for sexual excitation. |
| voyeurism | Looking at unsuspecting people who are naked, undressing, or engaging in sexual activity for the purpose of sexual excitation. |
| masochism | intentional participation in an activity in which the individual is physically harmed or the individual's life is threatened in order to produce sexual excitement. |
| paresis | Slight or incomplete paralysis. |
| paresthesia | An abnormal touch sensation such as burning, pricking, or feeling that something is crawling over your skin when no external stimulus is present. |
| Phalen maneuver | A test in a physical examination to determine the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome. |
| proprioception | A sense or perception, usually at a subconscious level, of the movements and position of the body and especially its limbs, independent of vision; |
| Proprioception is gained primarily from input from | sensory nerve terminals in muscles and tendons (muscle spindles) and the fibrous capsule of joints combined with input from the vestibular apparatus. |
| Romberg test | With feet approximated, the subject stands with eyes open and then closed; |
| if closing the eyes increases clumsiness in movement or gait, a loss of proprioceptive control is indicated, and the sign is | positive. |
| scotoma | An area of lost or depressed vision within the visual field, generally surrounded by normal vision. This is also used in psychiatry as mental scotoma or a figurative blind spot, wherein the patient has no insight into his or her problems. |
| The _____ maneuver is a test on physical examination to determine the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome. | Phalen |
| Slight or incomplete paralysis is _____. | paresis |
| An act of _____ involves inflicting of physical or psychologic harm or suffering on a sexual partner as a method of stimulating sexual excitement or orgasm. | sadism |
| Examples of _____ are humiliation, bondage, or whipping. | masochism |
| The _____ test is a test performed by having the patient stand with feet together or walk with his/her eyes closed to determine the presence of clumsiness in movements or gait. | Romberg |
| seizure | Literally this means a sudden attack or recurrence of a disease. It is often used interchangeably with the term convulsion. There are different types of seizures. |
| tonic-clonic | Characterized by loss of consciousness and alternate muscular contraction and relaxation in rapid succession. The contraction and relaxation is called clonus; tonic is the restoration of normal muscle tone. |
| grand mal | Also known as a tonic-clonic seizure (pronounced like "mall"). |
| absence seizure | Brief generalized seizures, manifested by a 10–30 second loss of consciousness with eye or muscle flutterings either with or without the loss of muscle tone, but without clonic activity. |
| petit mal | Also known as absence seizures. |
| somnolence | Sleepiness. |
| stupor | A lower level of consciousness. The patient responds only to vigorous stimulation. In psychiatry it is used to describe a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. |
| tic | An involuntary, compulsive, repetitive movement, usually involving the face or shoulders. This is not to be confused with a tick, which is a blood-sucking parasite. (Know anyone like that?) |
| Tinel sign | A tingling sensation in the distal end of a limb when percussion is made over the site of a nerve. This is used to determine the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome. |
| tremor | An involuntary trembling or quivering. |
| vertigo | An illusory sense that either the environment or one's own body is revolving. It is mistakenly used synonymously with dizziness. |
| In psychiatry it is used to describe a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. | stupor |
| Sleepiness. | somnolence |
| An involuntary, compulsive, repetitive movement, usually involving the face or shoulders. | tic |
| A tingling sensation in the distal end of a limb when percussion is made over the site of a nerve. | Tinel sign |
| An illusory sense that either the environment or one's own body is revolving. | vertigo |
| Alzheimer disease | A progressive degenerative disease of the brain of unknown etiology, with atrophy of the cerebral cortex including plaques and tangles of neuron particles. It occurs twice as often in women as in men. |
| Arnold-Chiari malformation | A congenital deformity that occurs when portions of the medulla oblongata and cerebellum protrude into the spinal canal. |
| arteriovenous malformation | congenital deformity of tangled, dilated blood vessels where arterial contents flow directly into veins. Produces a consistently enlarging vasculature;causes neurologic abnormalities |
| astrocytoma | A tumor composed of neuroglial cells. It is the most common type of primary brain tumor and is also found throughout the central nervous system. There are different classifications and grades of these tumors. |
| Bell palsy | A functional disorder of cranial nerve VII resulting in paralysis of one side of the facial muscles and distortion of taste. This is usually due to a lesion on the nerve. |
| bipolar disorder | A mood/personality disorder where both depressive and excited/elated periods occur. It usually begins with depression, and at least one time during the illness there is an elated period. |
| carpal tunnel syndrome | A disorder caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel; it is characterized by pain and burning or tingling paresthesias in the fingers and hand, sometimes radiating up the arm. |
| cerebral palsy | describes a number of motor disorders in young children resulting from brain damage, often in utero or during birth. |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | Often used synonymously with a stroke. CVA is a nonspecific term for ischemic (cutting off the blood supply) or hemorrhagic (bleeding) lesions that affect the brain. Technically, a stroke is an ischemic-type lesion. |
| dysthymia | A mood disorder characterized by depressed feelings, which persists for two or more years. differs from major depression because the symptoms last longer and are not as severe as they are in depression. |
| encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain. |
| encephalomyelitis | Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. |
| encephalopathy | Any degenerative disease of the brain. |
| epilepsy | A recurrent paroxysmal disorder of cerebral function characterized by sudden brief attacks of altered consciousness, motor activity, sensory phenomena, or inappropriate behavior. One episode is generally called a seizure. |
| glioma | A tumor composed of tissue which represents neuroglia. The term is sometimes used to describe any tumor of the brain or spinal cord. |
| Guillain-Barre syndrome | An acute, usually rapidly progressive form of inflammatory polyneuropathy (usually lesions affecting many peripheral nerves) characterized by muscle weakness and mild sensory loss;occurs 5 days to 3 weeks past infection, surgery, or shots. |
| herniated nucleus pulposus | A herniated, ruptured, or prolapsed intervertebral disc. |
| Spinal vertebrae are separated by cartilage discs consisting of | an outer anulus fibrosus and an inner nucleus pulposus. |
| hydrocephalus | A condition marked by dilatation of the cerebral ventricles, usually secondary to obstruction in the pathways for cerebrospinal fluid, with a subsequent accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the skull. |
| Lou Gehrig disease | (Also called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS). |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | A motor neuron disease of unknown cause characterized by muscular weakness and atrophy, cramps, visible fasciculations, spasticity, hyperactive reflexes, dysarthria and dysphagia. |
| ALS: 50% of patients die within | three years of onset; 20% live five years, and 10% live for ten years. |
| An acute, usually rapidly progressive form of inflammatory polyneuropathy characterized by muscle weakness and mild sensory loss. | Guillain-Barre syndrome |
| Also called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). | Lou Gehrig disease |
| A tumor composed of tissue which represents neuroglia. | glioma |
| A herniated, ruptured, or prolapsed intervertebral disc. | herniated nucleus pulposus |
| A condition marked by dilatation of the cerebral ventricles, usually secondary to obstruction in the pathways for cerebrospinal fluid. | hydrocephalus |
| Inflammation of the brain. | encephalitis |
| A recurrent paroxysmal disorder of cerebral function characterized by sudden brief attacks of altered consciousness, motor activity, sensory phenomena, or inappropriate behavior. | epilepsy |
| sadism | The inflicting of physical or psychologic harm or suffering on a sexual partner as a method of stimulating sexual excitement or orgasm. |
| meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges. |
| meningocele | A hernia protrusion of the meninges through a bony defect. |
| microcephaly | Smallness of the head, usually associated with mental retardation. |
| multiple sclerosis | A disease in which there are foci of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system, sometimes extending into the gray matter. |
| Munchausen syndrome | The repeated fabrication of illness, usually acute, dramatic, and very convincing, by a person who wanders from hospital to hospital for treatment. Patients are often able to mimic serious disorders with great skill. |
| Munchausen by proxy | the affected person uses a child as the patient, falsifying history and even injuring the child or using drugs, adding blood or bacterial components to urine specimens, and other means to simulate a disease. |
| myasthenia gravis | A disease characterized by episodic muscle weakness, primarily in muscles innervated by the cranial nerves. |
| myelomeningocele | A hernia protrusion of the spinal cord and its meninges through a defect in the vertebral canal. |
| narcolepsy | Recurrent, uncontrollable, brief episodes of sleep. Also associated with sudden loss of muscle tone, sleep paralysis, or hypnogogic hallucinations. |
| neurofibromatosis | A familial condition characterized by developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin with the formation of multiple soft tumors distributed over the entire body. |
| paraplegia | Paralysis of the legs and lower part of the body. |
| Smallness of the head, usually associated with mental retardation is known as _____. | microcephaly |
| Paraplegia is _____ of the legs and lower part of the body. | paralysis |
| A syndrome in which patients are often able to mimic serious disorders with great skill is known as _____ syndrome. | Munchausen |
| A _____ is a hernia protrusion of the meninges through a bony defect. | meningocele |
| Myasthenia _____ is a disease characterized by episodic muscle weakness, primarily in muscles innervated by the cranial nerves. | gravis |
| Parkinson disease | A slowly progressive and degenerative central nervous system disorder with four characteristic features: slowness and poverty of movement, muscular rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability. |
| peripheral neuropathy | changes in the peripheral nerves. Results in sensory loss, muscle weakness and atrophy, decreased deep tendon reflexes, and vasomotor symptoms occurring either individually or in any combination. |
| personality disorders | disordered patterns of behavior characterized by relatively fixed, inflexible, and stylistic reactions to stress. they damage social, interpersonal, and work relationships. |
| antisocial | Also called psychopathic or sociopathic personality. ignore normal rules of social behavior. unable to forego immediate gratification. show little to no remorse or guilt ; blame others for their behavior. |
| avoidant | sensitive to rejection, fear beginning relationships; strong desire for affection and acceptance. They appear shy and timid; distressed by their inability to relate |
| borderline | unstable in many areas, including self-image, mood, behavior, and relationships; |
| cyclothymic | fluctuate in their moods between high-spiritedness and gloom and pessimism, each sustained for weeks or longer. Their mood changes are often rhythmic and predictable and can be set off by trivial causes or no external causes at all. |
| dependent | surrender responsibility for their lives to others and allow the needs of those they are dependent upon to take precedence over their own needs. extremely uncomfortable with being alone for more than brief periods of time. |
| histrionic (hysterical) | seem very egocentric. esteem and admiration is important; attention-seeking and theatrical behavior. adopt whatever conduct will place them in a favorable light. exhibit sexually aggressive behavior with an underlying wish for nonsexual affection. |
| narcissistic | exaggerated sense of self importance; fantasies of unlimited success. preoccupied with envy. constantly seek attention, tend to exploit others, and are overly sensitive to failure or criticism. They also tend to have multiple somatic complaints. |
| Slowly progressive disease of the central nervous system. | Parkinson disease |
| Traumatic, inflammatory, degenerative, or toxic changes of the peripheral nerves. | peripheral neuropathy |
| Personality disorder exhibited by exaggerated sense of self-importance. | narcissistic personality disorder |
| A personality disorder marked by egocentric behavior. | histrionic |
| Personalities with fluctuation between high spirits and gloom. | cyclothymic |
| obsessive-compulsive | tend to be perfectionists and cannot gain satisfaction from their achievementsThey have difficulty with interpersonal relationships because they lose total control over their feelings and must rely on others. |
| paranoid | Individuals project their own conflicts and hostilities onto others. Their suspicions often lead to aggressive feelings or behavior. They have a sense of superiority and often belittle others. |
| passive-aggressive | Those with this personality type are characterized by helplessness, clinging dependency, and procrastination. provoke and engage in arguments, especially with those in authority. |
| schizoid | Individuals with this disorder are withdrawn, solitary, introverted, emotionally cold, and distant. Fantasy is a common coping mechanism. |
| post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | A neurotic disorder which occurs following exposure to an overwhelming environmental stress. Symptoms include consistently reliving the experience, a numbing emotional responsiveness, and a general dysphoria. |
| psychosis | gross impairment of reality; delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, disorganized and agitated behavior; mental impairment interferes with his/her ability to deal with regular daily life. |
| quadriplegia | Paralysis of all four limbs. |
| schizoaffective disorder | A mental disorder that is characterized by both schizophrenia and mood disturbances. |
| schizophrenia | There are six specific criteria that should be present for a diagnosis of schizophrenia: formal thought disorder; previous function level deteriorates, Continuous signs for 6 mo. onset before 45; not due to mood disorders; or mental disorder |
| Paralysis of all four limbs. | quadriplegia |
| Schizophrenia with mood disorder. | schizoaffective |
| Personality types are characterized by helplessness, clinging dependency, and procrastination. | passive-aggressive |
| A group of mental disorders with six primary characteristics. | schizophrenia |
| Completely inflexible personality with inability to adapt to a change in circumstances. | obsessive-compulsive |
| spina bifida | Defective closure of the bony encasement of the spinal column. |
| spina bifida cystica | If the cord and meninges protrude through the defect |
| spina bifida occulta | If the cord and meninges do not protrude through |
| spondylolisthesis | Forward displacement of one vertebra over another. The most common vertebrae affected are the fifth lumbar (over the sacrum) and the fourth lumbar (over the fifth lumbar). |
| spondylosis | Immobility and consolidation of a vertebral joint, or a general term for degenerative changes of a vertebral joint due to osteoarthritis. |
| subdural empyema | A collection of pus between the dura and the arachnoid membranes. |
| syringomyelia | A slowly progressive syndrome in which fluid-filled neuroglial cavities form within the spinal cord. |
| syrinx | A fluid-filled neuroglial cavity. It also means a tube, pipe, or fistula. |
| Tourette syndrome | (or Gilles de la Tourette) autosomal multiple tic disorder that begins in childhood with simple facial and vocal tics, and progresses to multiple, complex jerking movements that can occur in any part of the body. |
| transient ischemic attack (TIA) | Neurologic abnormalities that occur suddenly, are brief (usually lasting only minutes), and are caused by dysfunction in the arterial distribution to the brain. These often occur as a precursor to a stroke. |
| trigeminal neuralgia | A disorder of the trigeminal (5th) cranial nerve which causes bouts of severe pain lasting seconds to minutes in the distribution of one or more of the nerve's sensory divisions, but most commonly in the mandibular and/or maxillary portion. |
| Wallerian degeneration | A series of changes that take place in a severed peripheral nerve fiber. |
| A fluid-filled neuroglial cavity is a _____. | syrinx |
| A subdural _____ is collection of pus between the dura and the arachnoid membranes. | empyema |
| A _____ degeneration is a series of changes which take place in a severed peripheral nerve fiber. | Wallerian |
| Spondylolisthesis is the forward _____ of one vertebra over another. | displacement |
| A slowly progressive syndrome in which fluid-filled neuroglial cavities form within the spinal cord is a _____. | syringomyelia |
| Repeated dramatic faking of serious illness. | Munchausen syndrome |
| Severe pain, especially in the mandibular or maxillary nerves. | trigeminal neuralgia |
| Inflammation of the brain. | encephalitis |
| Slowly progressive disease of the central nervous system. | Parkinson disease |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | Lou Gehrig disease |
| Inflammation of the meninges. | meningitis |
| Paralysis of all four limbs. | quadriplegia |
| A familial condition resulting in multiple soft tumors throughout the entire body. | neurofibromatosis |
| Smallness of the head. | microcephaly |
| The most common type of primary brain tumor. | astrocytoma |
| A hernia protrusion of the spinal cord is called a | myelomeningocele. |
| Arnold-Chiari malformation is a | congenital deformity. |
| Schizophrenia with mood disorder is referred to as | schizoaffective disorder. |
| A person who is referred to as histrionic is said to have a | selfish personality. |
| Personalities with fluctation between high spirits and doom are categorized as | cyclothymic. |
| Guillain-Barre syndrome is an acute, rapidly progressive form of | polyneuropathy. |
| Narcissistic personalities tend to show an exaggerated sense of | self-importance. |
| A longterm, low-grade mood disorder. | dysthymia |
| Immobility and consolidation of a vertebral joint. | spondylosis |
| A series of changes which take place in a severed nerve fiber. | Wallerian degeneration |
| Disease with episodic muscle weakness. | myasthenia gravis |
| Any tumor of the brain or spinal cord. | glioma |
| Defective closure of the spinal canal with no protrusion. | spina bifida occulta |
| Traumatic, inflammatory, degenerative, or toxic changes. | peripheral neuropathy |
| A multiple tic disorder. | Tourette syndrome |
| Degenerative disease causing memory loss, personality changes, and dementia. | Alzheimer disease |
| A stroke. | cerebrovascular accident |
| The nervous system enables us to detect and respond to | external stimuli. |
| Through the nerves, our body is linked to the | brain. |
| The brain is divided into | six major regions. |
| The brain and spinal cord are protected by the | meninges. |
| The filum terminale is part of the | spinal cord. |
| Pus between the dura and arachnoid is referred to as | subdural empyema. |
| An area of lost or depression vision with surrounding normal vision is referred to as | scotoma. |
| Chain-like extensions of a neuron are called | axons. |
| Tree-like branches of a neuron are called | dendrites. |
| Damage to this nerve can result in deafness, dizziness, and the inability to maintain balance. | cranial nerve 8 |
| Motor neuron impulses are also known as _____ impulses. | efferent |
| Injury to a peripheral nerve which causes burning. | causalgia |
| Test given to determine if the patient has carpal tunnel syndrome. | Phalen |
| These patients tend to daydream and prefer speculation to action. Fantasy is a common coping mechanism. | schizoid |
| A neurotic disorder which occurs following exposure to an overwhelming environmental stress. | post-traumatic stress disorder |
| A longterm, low-grade mood disorder. | dysthymia |
| The cone-shaped ending of the spinal cord. | conus medullaris |
| The number of cranial nerves which emerge from the undersurface of the brain. | 12 |
| The inability to sleep. | insomnia |
| ataxia | Reeling, wide-based gait |
| dysarthria | Slurred speech |
| delusion | A false belief firmly maintained despite contrary evidence |
| catatonia | A psychomotor disturbance, rigid, unresponsive |
| concussion | A violent jar or shock to the brain |
| cephalalgia | Headache |
| somnolence | Sleepiness |
| fasciculations | Muscle twitches |
| dementia | Loss of brain function |
| insomnia | Inability to sleep |
| paresis | Slight or incomplete paralysis |
| vertigo | A sense that one is revolving |
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