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Biology 101 Chemical
Bio 101 Chapter 4 review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acid | A polar compound that dissolves in water and loses one or more H+ ions. |
| Amino Acid | The monomers that build proteins. (There are 20 different ones) |
| Atom | The smallest unit of an element that still has the chemical properties of that element. |
| Buffer | Maintains the concentration of Hydrogen ions within narrow limits. Releases H+ when the environment becomes too basic, and absorbs H+ when the environment becomes too acidic. |
| Carbohydrate | Sugars and their polymers. |
| Cellulose | A polysaccharide that is bundled into strong parallel fibers that help support the plant body. |
| Chemical bond | The attractive interaction that causes two atoms to associate with each other. Covalent, ionic, and noncovalent bonds. |
| Chemical reaction | The process of breaking existing chemical bonds and creating new ones. |
| Covalent bond | The sharing of electrons. |
| Denaturation | The destruction of a protein's 3D structure (secondary structure) resulting in a loss of protein activity. |
| Disaccharide | Two monosaccharides combining. (e.g. glucose and fructose make Sucrose.) |
| Electron | Negatively charged atom. Lives in shells around the nucleus, innermost holding only two, and the two shells after that can hold up to eight. |
| Element | Contains a distinctive set of physical and chemical properties and cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical means. |
| Enzyme | Speeds up the chemical reactions that are vital for life processes. |
| Fat | Lipid that is solid or semisolid at room temperature (Saturated fatty acid, e.g. butter or lard) |
| Fatty acid | Lipids are built from one or more. |
| Glucose | A monosaccharide that is found in almost all cells. |
| Hydrogen bond | A hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge interacts with a neighbouring polar molecule that contains a partially negative atom. |
| Hydrophilic | Molecules that associate with water, because of the way their atoms bond. These molecules are asymmetric. (e.g. H20) |
| Hydrophobic | Molecules that are repelled by water because of the way their atoms bond. These molecules are symmetric. (e.g. lipids) |
| Ion | An atom that becomes charged due to loss or gain of electrons. |
| Ionic bond | The chemical attraction between positively and negatively charged ions. |
| Lipid | A hydrophobic molecule made by living cells, built from chains or rings of hydrocarbon. |
| Macromolecule | A large assembly of small organic molecules which link up using covalent bonds. |
| Molecule | An assemblage of atoms in which at least two of the atoms are linked through electron sharing. (All molecules are covalently bonded) |
| Monomer | An assemblage of atoms in which at least two of the atoms are linked through electron sharing. |
| Monosaccharide | The simplest sugar molecules, made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. |
| Neutron | The 3rd component of an atom, consisting of neutrally (non-charged) particles. |
| Noncovalent bond | Based on other types of chemical reactions between atoms, such as the mutual attraction between atoms that have an opposite electrical charge. |
| Nonpolar molecule | Molecules without a charge. Always hydrophobic. |
| Nucleus | A dense central core of an atom, always positively charged, always consisting of at least ONE PROTON, sometimes more protons as well as neutrons. |
| Organic molecule | A molecule which contains at least one Carbon-Hydrogen bond. |
| pH | The concentration scale of free H+ ions. 0-6 is very acidic, meaning that there is a lower concentration of H+ ions. 7 is neutral (pure water) and 8-14 is very basic, meaning there is a high concentration of H+ ions. |
| Polar molecule | A molecule with an uneven distribution of electrical charge. (e.g. the slightly positive hydrogen ions in an H2O molecule are attracted to the slightly negative oxygen ion in a different H20 molecule) |
| Polymer | Macromolecules that contain monomers as building blocks. |
| Polypeptide | Linear chains of amino acids covalently linked. |
| Polysaccharide | Up to thousands of monosaccharides linked together to make a polymer. Mono, di, and polysaccharides are all carbohydrates. |
| Product | Newly formed substances (outputs) of a chemical reaction. |
| Protein | A polymer of amino acids that are linked together in a specific sequence. Most are folded into complex 3D shapes. |
| Reactant | A substance that undergoes a chemical reaction. The alteration of electron sharing patterns through a chemical reaction yields at least one chemical substance that is different from the reactant. (This difference is the product.) |
| Salt | Charged atoms that are held together through ionic bonds. |
| Saturated | Fatty acids in which all of the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain are linked together by single covalent bond are saturated because each carbon atom is bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. |
| Soluble | Can mix completely with water. |
| Solute | A dissolved substance (such as salt.) |
| Solvent | The fluid into which a substance has dissolved (like water!) |
| Solution | Any combination of a solute and a solvent. |
| Sugar | A simple carbohydrate, generally mono or disaccharide, that has the general formula (CH2O)n, where n is < 7 for mono saccharides and is about 12 for most disaccharides. |
| Unsaturated | One or more carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain of a fatty acid linking with double bonds. Unsaturated because some of the carbon atoms are not bonded to a full complement of hydrogen atoms. |
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AVHH
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