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HCE 240 patho 4
key terms chapt 4
| Key terms | definition |
|---|---|
| Antiseptic | reduces the number of microorganisms on the skin |
| Autoclave | an appliance to sterilize instruments or materials with steam at high temperature and pressure |
| Culture | growth of microorganisms on a specific nutritious medium in a laboratory |
| Disinfectant | a chemical that may destroy or inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms |
| Endemic | a disease that is always present in a specific region |
| Epidemic | a disease occurring in higher numbers than usual in a certain population within a given time period |
| Fimbria | a hair-like projection on some bacteria |
| Infection | the pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms |
| leukocytosis | an above-normal number of leukocytes (WBCs) in the blood |
| Leukopenia | a decreased number of leukocytes in the blood |
| Lymphadenopathy | a disease affecting the lymph nodes |
| Monocytosis | in the number of monocytes circulating in the blood |
| mutation | a change in the genetic makeup (DNA) of a cell, which will be inherited |
| Neutropenia | a deficit of neutrophils in the blood |
| Nosocomial | an infection acquired while hospitalized |
| Parasite | an organism that lives on or in another living organism |
| Pili | hair-like appendages on some bacteria for adhesion to tissue and transfer of DNA |
| Prion | an infectious abnormal protein particle; does not contain DNA |
| Prosthesis | an artificial replacement for a body part, e.g., a limb or heart valve |
| Seizure (convulsion) | sudden, involuntary movement with loss of awareness, caused by uncontrolled neuronal discharge in the brain |
| Septicemia, sepsis | systemic infection arising from bacterial toxins in the circulating blood or bacteria reproducing and spreading through the circulating blood |
| Sterile | absence of all forms of microorganisms |
| Toxin | a substance that can harm the body or interfere with its function; poisonous |
| Bacteria prokaryotic | lacking nuclear membrane, has cell wall, functions metabolically and reproduce binary fission, capsule (slime layer, flagellae, |
| Pathogen | a disease-causing microorganism |
| bacilli | rod shaped, seizures and muscle spasms, tetanus "lock jaw" |
| spirals | syphilis, lyme, affects brain, heart and joints |
| diplococci | pairs, pneumococcus, pneumonia |
| streptococci | chains, respiratory infections |
| staphylococci | clusters, staph. aureus is skin infection |
| exotoxins | produced by gram positive bacteria and diffuse through body, interferes with nerves conduction (neurotoxin) stimulate vomiting (enterotoxin) |
| endotoxins | present in cell wall of gram negative, released after cell death, cause fever and weakness, may ave serious effect on cirulatory |
| enzymes | produced by some bacteria, hemolytic streptococcus has enzymes that destroy red blood cells |
| spores | latent form of bacterium with coating highly resistant to heat and adverse conditions. tetanus, botulism |
| binary fission | reproduction by division of cell into two daughter cells identical to parent cell |
| virion | extracellular virus particle, protein coat, nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) and this provides its classification |
| Viral infection | attaches to host, releases nucleic acid that takes over cell, uses cell metabolism to synthesize protein, makes many new viruses and lysis the cell and infect nearby cells |
| chlamydiae | primitive forms of bacteria, lack enzymes, elementary (EB) infectious, binds to epithelial, reticulate (RB) noninfectious, make intracellular or=ganism then turn into EB |
| rickettsiae | gram negative bacteria live in host cell, transmitted by insects, can cause typhus, rash and small hemorrhages. |
| mycoplasmal | common cause of pneumonia, lack cell wall so not affected by many anitmicrobial drugs, smallest microbe |
| fungal, mycotic, infection | single celled yeast or multicelled molds. eukaryotic, tinia pedis, candida |
| protozoa | eukaryotic, unicellular, motile, no cell wall, trichomoniasis, malaria, amebic dysentery |
| direct contact | no intermediary |
| indirect contact | contact with contaminated object |
| Droplet (oral/respiratory) | inhalation of infected respiratory, saliva secretion |
| aerosol | small particles from respiratory track the remain airborne and travel on air currents |
| vector borne | insect or animal transmit, malaria |
| pathogenicity | ability of microbe to cause disease |
| reservoir | source of infection, contaminated food, water, carriers |
| portal of exit | secretions, |
| portal of entry | nose, mouth, breaks in skin |
| incubation period | time between entry of organism and appearance of clinical signs |
| prodromal period | fatigue, loss of appetite, headache, feelings of "coming down with something" |
| acute period | disease develops fully and clinical manifestations reach peak |
| chronic infection | microbe continues to reproduce, usually mild with acute episodes |
| local signs of bacterial infection | swelling, erythema, pain, tenderness, lymphadenopathy, purulent exudate |
| systematic signs of bacterial infection | fever, leukcytosis, elevated ESR, fatigue weakness, anorexia, headache, arthralgia |
| bactericidal | drugs that destroy organism |
| bacteriostatic | decrease organism rate of reproduction |
| broad spectrum | antibacterials effective for both gram pos+neg |
| narrow spectrum | antibacterials effective for either gram pos OR neg, not both |
| influenza | upper and lower respiratory viral infection, can cause secondary pneumonia infection, RNA, myxovirus group |
Created by:
superheromom24
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