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Respiratory *
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ventilation | The process of breathing in and out. |
| Diffusion | The process of becoming widely spread. |
| During a very deep inspiration, the capacity of the chest cavity is (maximized, minimized) . | maximized |
| Respiration is a/an (voluntary, involuntary) process. | involuntary |
| The structures in which the gaseous exchange takes place must have thin (nonpermeable, permeable) walls so that diffusion can easily occur. | permeable |
| The specialty that deals specifically with respiratory ailments is (pulmonology, cardiology) . | pulmonology |
| Incentive (spirometry, spirometery) is a measurement of the breathing capacity of the lungs. | spirometry |
| In inspiration, the lungs | expand. |
| soft palate _____u/l | upper |
| pharynx _____u/l | upper |
| lungs _____u/l | lower |
| right pulmonary bronchus _____u/l | lower |
| nasal cavity _____u/l | upper |
| larynx _____u/l | upper |
| left pulmonary bronchus _____u/l | lower |
| trachea _____u/l | lower |
| hard palate _____u/l | upper |
| external naris _____u/l | upper |
| septum | The partition of the nasal cavity. |
| ethmoid | An irregularly shaped bone lying between the orbital plates of the frontal and anterior to the sphenoid bone. |
| vomer | A bone of the nasal septum. |
| choana | Link from external nares to nasopharynx. |
| choanae | Links from external nares to nasopharynx (plural of choana). |
| turbinates | Shell-shaped structures which create a passageway for air (another name for conchae). |
| meatus | Anatomic term for a passageway in the body, especially one opening on the surface. |
| epithelium | The lining of small cavities. |
| epistaxis | Nosebleed. |
| olfaction | The sense of smell. |
| olfactory epithelia | Located in upper posterior part of nasal cavity, they are associated with reception of odor. |
| The lining of small cavities. | epithelium |
| The partition of the nasal cavity. | septum |
| Nosebleed. | epistaxis |
| A bone of the nasal septum. | vomer |
| Links from external nares to nasopharynx. | choanae |
| paranasal sinuses | Air pockets in the skull formed by the configuration of the facial bones. |
| maxillary | Of or relating to the upper jaw. |
| frontal | Referring to the frontal (coronal) plane or to the frontal bone or forehead. |
| sphenoid | Butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull. |
| ethmoid | An irregularly shaped bone lying between the orbital plates of the frontal and anterior to the sphenoid bone. |
| pharynx | The passageway that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx. |
| nasopharynx | Uppermost portion of the pharynx, lying above the soft palate. |
| auditory | Pertaining to the sense of hearing. |
| eustachian | Tube connecting the nasopharynx to the middle ear. |
| adenoids | Pharyngeal tonsils. |
| oropharynx | The middle portion of the pharynx. |
| laryngopharynx | Where the respiratory and digestive systems diverge. |
| larynx | Entrance to the lower respiratory tract. |
| thyroid cartilage | A cartilage of the larynx shaped like a shield (also known as the "Adam's apple"). |
| cricoid | Ring-shaped cartilage making up the lower larynx. |
| arytenoid | Vocal cord cartilage. |
| trachea | Rigid tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi. |
| epiglottis | Flap of cartilage that covers the trachea. |
| uvula | Small piece of flesh that hangs down from the soft palate. |
| cilia | A hairlike projection from the surface of a cell (plural form of cilium). |
| The (cricoid, arytenoid) cartilage is ring-shaped and makes up the lower larynx. | cricoid |
| The (larynx, trachea) is also known as the windpipe. | trachea |
| Cartilage in the vocal cord is called (arytenoid, cricoid). | arytenoid |
| The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage that covers the (uvula, trachea). | trachea |
| The common name for the (larynx, trachea) is voicebox. . | larynx |
| bronchi | The two main branches of the trachea (singular is bronchus). |
| bronchus | Either of the two main branches of the trachea. |
| carina | Cartilaginous plate of the trachea. |
| bifurcation | The site where a single structure divides into two. |
| bronchial tree | Respiratory tubes that branch off and get progressively smaller in diameter. (Also known as pulmonary bronchus.) |
| tertiary | Third in order. |
| bronchioles | The tiny branches of air tubes within the lungs. |
| alveoli | Functional units of the respiratory system |
| Third in order. | tertiary |
| Another name for pulmonary bronchus. | bronchial tree |
| Cartilaginous plate of the trachea. | carina |
| One of the two main branches of the trachea. | bronchus |
| The tiny branches of air tubes within the lungs. | bronchioles |
| mediastinal space | Space separating the lungs. |
| mediastinum | The space in the thoracic cavity behind the sternum and in between the two pleural sacs (containing the lungs). |
| lobules | One of the smaller divisions making up a lobe. |
| pleura | Serous membrane of the thoracic cavity. |
| visceral | The pleura that adheres to the outer surface of the lung. |
| parietal | The pleura that lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm. |
| Serous membrane of the thoracic cavity. | pleura |
| Space separating the lungs. | mediastinal space |
| The pleura which is adherent to the outer surface of the lung. | visceral |
| The next division of lung lobes. | lobules |
| The pleura that lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm. | parietal |
| The sense of smell. | olfaction |
| Another name for conchae. | turbinates |
| The involuntary process of taking in and expelling air. | ventilation |
| Cartilaginous plate of the trachea. | carina |
| C-shaped portion of the respiratory tract. | trachea |
| The pleura which lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm | parietal |
| Tube connecting the nasopharynx to the middle ear. | eustachian |
| chest pain | Any discomfort in the thoracic cavity. |
| clubbing | Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes with loss of the nailbed angle. This can be an indication of several pulmonary disorders, and is usually noted in conjunction with cyanosis and edema. |
| congestion | Excessive or abnormal accumulation of fluid (such as mucus in the sinuses). |
| cough | A sudden, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs. This is a reflex to keep the airway free of foreign matter. |
| cyanosis | Bluish discoloration particularly of the nailbeds and perioral area. Again, this is usually seen in conjunction with clubbing and edema. |
| dyspnea | Shortness of breath. |
| hemoptysis | Coughing up blood or blood-stained sputum, usually due to bleeding somewhere in the respiratory tract. |
| hiccup | An involuntary spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm that occurs on inspiration and results in a distinctive sound. You may sometimes see this spelled "hiccough." |
| malaise | A vague feeling of bodily discomfort and fatigue. |
| sputum | Matter ejected from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea through the mouth. |
| A feeling of bodily discomfort or tiredness is referred to as (malaise, suprapubic). | malaise |
| The term (hemoptisis, hemoptysis) involves coughing up blood or blood-stained sputum. | hemoptysis |
| An involuntary spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm is called a (hicup, hiccup). | hiccup |
| The consistency of (sputum, sputuum) can be a major factor in determining the pathology of a respiratory problem. | sputum |
| Chest pain is described as discomfort in the (abdominal, thoracic) cavity. | thoracic |
| purulent | Consistency of sputum that contains pus. |
| viscous | Consistency of sputum that is thick. |
| rales | These are discontinuous nonmusical sounds heard primarily during inspiration. They are also called crackles. |
| rhonchi | Continuous dry rattling sounds in the throat or bronchial tube that are due to a partial obstruction. |
| stridor | A musical sound heard with a stethoscope on inspiration. |
| tachypnea | Very rapid respirations. |
| wheezing | Whistling or wheezing noises associated with breathing; a telltale symptom of asthma. |
| expectoration | Sputum from the chest which may contain mucus, blood, cellular debris, microorganisms, and pus. |
| hypoxia | An inadequate supply of oxygen in the blood. |
| apnea | Condition where external breathing is suspended. Sleep apnea is the cessation of breath with a sudden onset during sleep and can be a fatal condition if left untreated. |
| Sputum which contains pus. | purulent |
| Intermittent nonmusical sounds heard primarily during inspiration. | rales |
| A telltale sign of asthma which includes whistling noises. | wheezing |
| Thick sputum. | viscous |
| Sputum from the chest which may contain mucus, blood, cellular debris, microorganisms, and pus. | expectoration |
| percussion | Tapping a part of the body for diagnostic purposes. |
| auscultation | Listening for sounds within the body. |
| hypoxemia | Deficiency of oxygen in blood (same as hypoxia). |
| hypoxia | Deficiency of oxygen in blood (same as hypoxemia). |
| anoxia | Absence of oxygen in inspired gases or in arterial blood or in the tissues; severe hypoxia. |
| hypercapnia | An abundance of carbon dioxide present in the blood. |
| bronchoscopy | Examination of the bronchi with a scope. |
| thoracentesis | Surgical puncture of the chest wall in order to aspirate fluid. |
| Bluish discoloration. | cyanosis |
| Coughing up blood. | hemoptysis |
| Very rapid respirations. | tachypnea |
| Examination of the bronchi with a scope. | bronchoscopy |
| Containing pus. | purulent |
| Shortness of breath. | dyspnea |
| Listening to a body part. | auscultation |
| Striking a body part with short, sharp blows. | percussion |
| abscess | A localized collection of pus buried in tissues, organs, or confined spaces. |
| adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | Chronic respiratory failure associated with various acute pulmonary injuries. It is characterized by pulmonary edema, respiratory distress, and hypoxemia. It is sometimes a complication of major surgery and is accompanied by infection. |
| apnea | Cessation of breathing. |
| asphyxia Suffocation. | This can be deliberate and traumatic, occur as a result of some obstruction of the airway, or due to some other cause. |
| asthma | This is a condition that is marked by recurrent attacks of paroxysmal dyspnea and it is manifested by wheezing. It can be due to an allergic reaction, strenuous exercise, irritant particles in the air, psychological stresses, or other factors. |
| paroxysmal | A paroxysm is a sudden recurrence or intensification of symptoms. |
| atelectasis | Incomplete expansion of a lung, a shrunken or airless lung. This can be either acute or chronic and can be complete or partial. This is determined via a chest x-ray. |
| bronchiectasis | An irreversible chronic dilation of the bronchi that is usually accompanied by infection. It is manifested by fetid breath and paroxysmal coughing with the expectoration of mucopurulent matter. |
| fetid | Having a rank or disagreeable smell. |
| expectoration | The act of coughing up and spitting out materials from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea. |
| bronchitis | Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the bronchial tubes. Significant contributing factors to bronchitis are |
| bronchopneumonia | An inflammation of the lungs which usually begins in the terminal bronchioles. |
| bronchiolitis | Another name for bronchopneumonia. |
| bronchoalveolitis | Another name for bronchopneumonia. |
| bronchopneumonitis | Another name for bronchopneumonia. |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | A generalized term related to persistent airways obstructions. |
| The term "airways obstruction" refers to an | increased resistance to airflow during forced expiration. |
| coccidioidomycosis | A fungal disease that infects the respiratory system as a result of the inhalation of spores. Manifested primarily by cold symptoms. |
| Also called "valley fever." | coccidioidomycosis |
| emphysema | A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs, especially the lungs. In pulmonary emphysema, there is dilatation of the alveoli and destruction of their walls. It is a common cause of disability and eventual death for cigarette smokers. |
| empyema | Accumulation of pus in a cavity of the body. Although there are different types, when the term is used without a qualifier, it refers to thoracic empyema, which is in the pleural space. |
| epiglottitis | Inflammation of the epiglottis. |
| Another term for bronchopneumonia. | bronchoalveolitis |
| Accumulation of pus in a cavity in the body. | empyema |
| Generalized term related to persistent airway obstructions. | chronic obstructive airway disease |
| The name given to an inflammation of the lungs which usually begins in the terminal bronchioles. | bronchopneumonia |
| A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs, especially the lungs. | emphysema |
| epistaxis | Nosebleed (hemorrhage from the nose). |
| hemothorax | A collection of blood in the pleural cavity. |
| This often results from a blunt or penetrating trauma to the chest wall. | hemothorax |
| hyaline membrane disease | This is a disorder usually affecting premature newborns in which the alveoli are lined by a hyaline material. It usually results in extensive atelectasis and is often fatal. |
| hyperventilation | A state in which there is an increase in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli, which results in a decrease in carbon dioxide tension. |
| infiltrate | Material deposited in organs or cells which are not normal to it, or in excessive quantities. It is also a sign of acute inflammation. |
| interstitial lung disease | Interstitial is a term that means pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. There are several types of interstitial lung disease in which there is an abnormal accumulation of many different cell types in the alveoli and |
| laryngitis | Inflammation of the larynx. Usually associated with dryness and soreness of the throat, hoarseness, cough, and dysphagia. |
| A papilloma is | a benign tumor. |
| In the respiratory system, these are common in children, starting at age one, and can grow exuberantly in the larynx. They are viral in origin and cause hoarseness. They can be removed surgically but tend to recur. | papilloma |
| pertussis | An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently seen in young children and characterized by paroxysmal coughing. Also called "whooping cough." |
| pleural effusion | Excess fluid in the pleural space. The presence of fluid in the pleural space is usually determined by x-ray and almost always requires a thoracentesis. |
| A collection of blood in the pleural cavity. | hemothorax |
| Disease affecting premature newborns. | hyaline membrane disease |
| Materials deposited in organs or cells which are not normal to it. | infiltrate |
| A benign tumor. | papilloma |
| Nosebleed. | epistaxis |
| The patient was experiencing (hyperventalation, hyperventilation); she had an increase in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli. | hyperventilation |
| The patient comes in with a past history of (interstittial, interstitial) lung disease. | interstitial |
| Inflammation of the larynx is called (larynxitis, laryngitis). | laryngitis |
| Whooping cough is another name for (pertussis, pertusis). | pertussis |
| The patient was diagnosed with a (plural, pleural) effusion. | pleural |
| Occupational pneumonia. | pneumoconiosis |
| Fluid containing serum and blood. | serosanguineous |
| Inflammation of the pleura. | pleurisy |
| Black lung. | anthracosis |
| Fluid that is clear and yellow. | serous |
| serous | Fluid that is clear and yellow. |
| sanguineous | Bloody or blood-tinged fluid. |
| serosanguineous | Fluid containing both serum and blood. |
| pleurisy | Inflammation of the pleura. It is usually characterized by pain that is worse with breathing and coughing. The onset is usually sudden. |
| pneumoconiosis | A condition characterized by the permanent deposition of substantial amounts of particulate matter into the lungs. It is also called occupational pneumonia. |
| anthracosis | A common type of pneumoconiosis, also called “black lung.” |
| asbestosis | A common type of pneumoconiosis due to the inhalation of asbestos fibers. |
| berylliosis | A common type of pneumoconiosis due to beryllium dust. |
| silicosis | A common type of pneumoconiosis due to sand particles. |
| pneumonia | this is inflammation of the lung resulting in consolidation, which is defined as a pathologic process where normally aerated lung tissue is converted into a dense, airless mass. |
| There are many kinds of pneumonia caused by a variety of factors, the most common being a type of | bacteria. |
| pneumonitis | Another name for pneumonia. |
| Pneumonia can also be | viral or fungal in nature. |
| consolidation | A pathologic process where normally aerated lung tissue is converted into a dense, airless mass. |
| Hemophilus influenzae | This is the second most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. The most serious strain of this is type b, which is usually called Hib pneumonia. |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | This is the most frequent of the gram-negative bacilli and it normally affects already compromised lungs, such as with the very young or the very old, hospital or nursing home patients, immuno-compromised hosts, or alcoholics. |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | A gram-negative pathogen. |
| Acinetobacter | A gram-negative pathogen. |
| Legionella pneumophila | only accounts for 1% to 8% of pneumonias. It can occur at any age, and early phase symptoms include headache, malaise, fever, myalgia, and a cough which eventually produces mucoid sputum. |
| Legionnaires' disease | Another name for Legionella pneumophila. |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | This is the most common pathogen for children and young adults (age 5 to 35 years), but is otherwise quite rare. It has a long incubation period (10–14 days), which accounts for its steady spread. Early symptoms also mimic the flu, malaise, dry cough, and |
| Pneumococcus pneumoniae | the most common cause for bacterial pneumonia. It usually begins with an upper respiratory infection, including congestion. The onset is often a single shaking chill followed by fever, pain with breathing, cough, dyspnea, and sputum production. |
| The bacteria (staphylococcus areus, Staphylococcus aureus) causes pneumonia with a high mortality rate. | Staphylococcus aureus |
| Free air in the pleural cavity is referred to as (pneumothorax, pneumothroax). | pneumothorax |
| Inflammation of the mucous membranes is called (rhinitis, rhinoitis). | rhinitis |
| Inflammation of the sinus is (sinusitis, sinisitis). | sinusitis |
| The most severe pneumonitis is called (granulomatous, granualomatous). | granulomatous |
| Staphylococcus aureus accounts for approximately 2% of | community-acquired pneumonias. Patients at particular risk are infants, the elderly, hospitalized patients, surgical patients, and patients with immunosuppression. Its symptoms closely mimic those of pneumococcal pneumoniae, although the mortality rate is |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | This has become relatively rare since World War I and is usually a complication of influenza, measles, chickenpox, or pertussis. |
| pneumothorax | Free air in the pleural cavity between the visceral and parietal pleurae. It may occur either spontaneously or because of trauma or pathological process. |
| rhinitis | Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose. Often accompanied by rhinorrhea (a runny nose). |
| rhinorrhea | Runny nose. |
| sarcoidosis | Also called Boeck sarcoid, this is a systemic disease of unknown etiology with the most severe manifestation being granulomatous pneumonitis. |
| Boeck sarcoid | Another name for sarcoidosis. |
| granulomatous | Pertaining to any small nodular aggregation of a certain kind of cells. |
| sinusitis | Inflammation of a sinus. It is usually designated by the name of the sinus that is inflamed (e.g., ethmoid sinusitis). |
| tonsillitis | Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils |
| tracheitis | Inflammation of the trachea. |
| tuberculosis | A chronic, recurrent infection most common in the lungs, although any organ may be affected. |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | The gram-positive bacterium that causes tuberculosis. |
| upper respiratory infection (URI) | The common cold. |
| Wegener's granulomatosis | An uncommon disease that usually begins as a localized granulomatous inflammation of the upper and/or lower respiratory tract mucosa. |
| Inflammation of the trachea. | tracheitis |
| The bacterium responsible for tuberculosis. | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| Disease of the respiratory tract mucosa. | Wegener's granulomatosis |
| The common cold. | upper respiratory infection |
| A chronic, recurrent infection most common in the lungs, although any organ may be affected. | tuberculosis |
| Cessation of breathing. | apnea |
| A collection of blood in the pleural cavity. | hemothorax |
| Pneumonia caused by sand particles. | silicosis |
| Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose. | rhinitis |
| When normal lung tissue is converted into a dense, airless mass. | consolidation |
| Pertaining to a sudden recurrence or intensification of symptoms. | paroxysmal |
| The common cold. | upper respiratory infection |
| Materials deposited in organs or cells which are not normal to it. | infiltrate |
| A collection of pus in an organ, tissue, or confined space. | abscess |
| An acute, highly contagious infection seen most often in children. | pertussis |
| The bacteria responsible for tuberculosis. | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| Occupational pneumonia. | pneumoconiosis |
| Inflammation of the palatine tonsils. | tonsillitis |
| Fluid containing serum and blood. | serosanguineous |
| Free air in the pleural cavity. | pneumothorax |
| General term for persistent airways obstruction. | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| Pathology that causes hoarseness. | laryngitis |
| Inflammation of the pleura. | pleurisy |
| Pertaining to a small, nodular aggregation of cells. | granulomatous |
| A shrunken or airless lung. | atelectasis |
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