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Chapter 2
Basic Chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do ionic and covalent bonds differ? | An ionic bond is created when one atom gives up electron(s) and another gains electron(s)so that both atoms have outer shells filled. A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share electron(s) to fill their outer shells. |
| An unknown liquid has a pH of 2. Is this liquid acidic or basic? | acidic |
| What determines whether an atom react with other atoms? | The number of valence electrons determines the bonding behavior with other atoms. Atoms tend to chemically react with each other in a manner that will fill (or empty) their outer valence shells. |
| Organic molecules always contain which two elements? | carbon & hydrogen |
| What type of molecules are usually associated with living systems? | organic molecules |
| What type of molecules is almost always comprised of only a few atoms? | inorganic molecules |
| What is the atomic mass of an atom of carbon? | 12 |
| How many protons are there in an atom of carbon? | 6 |
| How many electrons are found in the outermost (valence) shell of an atom of carbon? | 4 |
| Up to how many other atoms can a single atom of carbon bond? | 4 |
| All organic molecules form via: | covalent bonding of atoms |
| Describe the role of functional groups in the formation of organic molecules. | Only the functional group is involved in a reaction. When a particular functional group is added to a carbon skeleton, the molecule becomes a certain type of compound. Many functional groups are polar, helping to make the molecule soluble in water. |
| Define isomer | compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. |
| Briefly distinguish between the processes of dehydration and hydrolysis. | Dehydration synthesis joins to smaller chemicals (making them bigger) by removing water, hydrolysis splits apart larger molecules (making them smaller) by adding a water molecule. |
| Is glucose a monosaccharide or polysaccharide? | monosaccharide |
| Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined by the process of: | dehydration |
| True or False. Polysaccharides are sweet to taste. | False |
| What organic molecule represents the majority of cellular membranes? | lipids |
| What organic molecule includes the sugars? | carbohydrates |
| What organic molecule acts as the heritable units of most cells? | nucleic acids |
| What organic molecule functions as structural components of cells, are enzymatic, can be hormones, and are composed of chains of amino acids? | proteins |
| What is the difference between an unsaturated fatty acid and a saturated fatty acid. Provide and example of each. | A saturated fatty acid contains no double bonds between carbon atoms, while an unsaturated fatty acid contains one or more double bonds. Ex. Unsaturated fat: corn oil; Saturated fat: butter. |
| True or False. All lipids are soluble in water. | False |
| True or False. The fats and oils (two examples of lipids) function to provide long-term energy storage for the body. | True |
| True or False. Phospholipids are hydrophilic (water loving)? | False |
| What nucleic acid is primarily active in protein synthesis? | RNA |
| What nucleic acid forms chromosomes and is the hereditary molecule for most organisms? | DNA |
| Synthesis of protein (peptide) occurs when two or more amino acids are linked by a peptide bond. This is an example of a: | dehydration reaction |
| In DNA, adenine always binds with: | thymine |
| In RNA, adenine always binds with: | uracil |
| What nucleic acid is energetic? | ATP |
| What is yielded when one unit of ATP is hydrolized? | ADP, P and energy |
| Define matter | anything that takes up space and has mass. |
| What do the columns (up & down rows) on the periodic table stand for? | Families or Groups |
| What do the horizontal rows on the periodic table stand for? | periods |
| What is the atomic mass? | (# of protons) + (# of neutrons) |
| What is the atomic number? | # of protons (and sometimes equals the # of electrons) |
| How do you determine the number of neutrons in an atom? | (atomic mass) - (atomic number)= neutrons |
| What is the weight and electrical charge of a proton? | positive charge and mass ≈ 1amu (atomic mass units); in nucleus |
| What is the weight and electrical charge of a neutron? | no charge and mass ≈ 1amu; in nucleus |
| What is the weight and electrical charge of an electron? | negative charge and mass ≈ 1/1800 amu; move around outside of the nucleus |
| What is the "orbital" of an atom? | a volume of space where an electron is likely to be found. |
| What is an isotope? | Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons. |
| In what ways can radiation be harmful? | high levels can cause radiation sickness, birth defects, and cancer. |
| In what ways can radiation be beneficial? | Benefits include cancer treatment and the possible use to kill anthrax spores. |
| What determines if an atom is reactive? | Determined by the number of electrons in the outermost shell or valence shell electrons. |
| What is the Octet Rule? | Atoms, for the most part, attempt to fulfill the octet rule. Octet Rule= a full outer shell is 8 electrons. |
| What is the Duet Rule? | Atoms with a single shell attempt to fulfill the duet rule. Duet Rule = a full outer shell is 2 electrons |
| What are ions? | atoms that have gained or lost electrons. (ions = charged atoms) |
| What are negative ions? | atoms that have gained electrons (become negative because the number of electrons outnumber the protons.)ex. N-3 |
| What are positive ions? | atoms that have lost electrons. (become positive because the number of protons outnumber the electrons.)ex. Ca+2 |
| What are ionic compounds? | Positive + negative Ions make ionic compounds. |
| Describe a covalent bond. | Some atoms cannot gain or loose electrons. These atoms form bonds by sharing electrons. Water is formed when hydrogen and oxygen share valence shell electrons. |
| What is a polar covalent bond? | Polar covalent bonds are formed between molecules where there is an unequal sharing of electrons. One end of the molecule may have a slight negative charge while the other end has a slight positive charge. |
| What is an isotope? | vary in the number of neutrons. A number other than the optimum number of neutrons often causes at atom to become radioactive. Compare C12 and C14. |
| What is pH? | measures the acidity, neutrality , or alkalinity of a solution. |
| What is the pH value of a STRONG acid? | pH values closer to 0. |
| What is the pH value of a STRONG base? | pH values closer to 14. |
| What are the Basic Properties of Water? | Resists changes in temperature; Resists changes of state; Universal Solvent; Cohesive; Adhesive; High surface tension; Less dense as (solid) than as liquid |
| What is inorganic? | Chemistry of elements other than carbon' |
| What is organic? | Carbon-based chemistry. |
| What are the characteristics of inorganic molecules? | Usually with + & -ions; Usually ionic bonding; Always with few atoms; Often associated with nonliving matter. |
| What are the characteristics of organic molecules? | Always contain carbon and hydrogen; Always covalent bonding; Often quite large, with many atoms; Usually associated with living systems. |
| Carbon atoms: | Very diverse as one atom can bond with up to four other atoms; Often bonds with other carbon atoms to make hydrocarbons; Can produce long carbon chains like octane; Can produce ring forms like cyclohexane |
| Functional groups: | Specific combinations of bonded atoms; Attached as a group to other molecules; Always react in the same manner, regardless of where attached; Determine activity and polarity of large organic molecules |
| True or False. There are Many functional groups, but only a few are of major biological importance | True |
| What are macromolecules? | Some molecules called macromolecules because of their large size; Usually consist of many repeating units |
| Lipids: | example: Fat; subunits:Glycerol & fatty acids |
| Carbohydrates: | example: polysaccharide; subunits: monosaccharide |
| Proteins: | example: polypeptide; subunites: amino acid |
| Nucleic Acids: | example: DNA, RNA; subunits: Nucleotide |
| Dehydration: | Removal of water molecule; Used to connect monomers together to make polymers; Polymerization of glucose monomers to make starch |
| Hydrolysis: | Addition of water molecule; Used to disassemble polymers into monomer parts; Digestion of starch into glucose monomers |
| Monosaccharides: | Single sugar molecule; Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose |
| Disaccharides: | Contain two monosaccharides joined during dehydration reaction; Sucrose |
| Polysaccharides: | Polymers of monosaccharides; Starch, cellulose, chitin |
| Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides | Single sugar molecules; Quite soluble and sweet to taste; Examples: Glucose, Ribose, Deoxyribose |
| Hexoses | Six carbon atoms |
| Pentoses | Five carbon atoms |
| Carbohydrates: Disaccharides | Contain two monosaccharides joined by dehydration; Soluble and sweet to taste; Examples: Sucrose (table sugar, maple syrup), Maltose (malt sugar) |
| Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides | Polymers of monosaccharides; Low solubility; not sweet to taste; Example: starch, Cellulose, Chitin |
| Organics: Lipids | Insoluble in water, Long chains of repeating CH2 units; Renders molecule nonpolar |
| Fats: | Organismal uses: Long-term energy storage & thermal insulation in animals; Human uses: Butter, lard |
| Oils: | Organismal uses: Long-term energy storage in plants and their seeds; Human uses: Cooking oils |
| Phospholipids: | Organismal uses: Component of plasma membrane; Human uses: No stick pan spray |
| Steroids: | Organismal uses: Component of plasma membrane & hormones; Human uses: medicines |
| Waxes: | Organsimal uses: Wear resistance & retain water; Human uses: candles & polishes |
| Types of Lipids: | Triglycerides (Fats), Phospholipids, Steroids & Waxes |
| Steroids | Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen; Skeletons of four fused carbon rings |
| Waxes | Long-chain fatty acid bonded to a long-chain alcohol; High melting point, Waterproof, Resistant to degradation |
| Organics: Proteins | Functions: Support, enzymes, transport, defense, hormones, motion |
| Protein subunits: Amino acids | Proteins are polymers of amino acids; There are 20 different amino acidsthat make up proteins;All of them have basically the same structure except for what occurs at the placeholder R |
| Proteins: Polypeptide Backbone | Amino acids joined together end-to-end; |
| Protein-folding Diseases | Assembly of AA’s into protein extremely complex; Process overseen by “chaperone” molecules; Mad cow disease could be due to mis-folded proteins |
| Organics: Nucleic Acids | Polymers of nucleotides; Very specific cell functions; DNA & RNA |
| DNA: | Sugar: Deoxyribose; Base: Cytosine, guanine;adenine, thymine; Strand: Double-stranded, Pairing across strands; Helix: yes; Where: Chromosomes of nucleus |
| RNA: | Sugar: Ribose; Base: Cytosine, guanine, adenine, uracil; Stand: Mostly single-stranded; Helix: No; Function: Interprets genetic info, protein synthesis; Where: Cell nucleus & cytoplasm |
| ATP: | is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphates; In cells, one phosphate bond is hydrolyzed; Other energy sources used to put ADP and p1 back together again |
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