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Chapter 1
A View of Life (Biology 111)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. are organized, 2. acquire material and use energy, 3. respond, 4. reproduce, 5. have adaptations. | Five Characteristics of living things |
| Atom, Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism. Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere | Levels of Biological Organization |
| the sum total of all the energy reactions occurring in an organism. | Metabolism |
| States that internal environment of an organism must stay relatively constant despite outside changes. Is almost always maintained by a negative feedback mechanism. | Homeostasis |
| Body temperature, Blood glucose levels, Blood pH, Blood oxygen & carbon dioxide levels, Calcium levels, Blood pressure | examples of Homeostasis |
| include: receptors, a set point, and effectors | Negative feedback mechanisms |
| provide information about specific condition (stimuli) in the internal environment. | Receptors |
| tells what a particular value should be. (ex. Body temperature=98.6). | a Set Point |
| cause response that alter conditions in the internal environment. | effectors |
| Negative feedback mechanisms are negative because? | The deviation from the set point is corrected. The correction reduces the action of the effectors, thus preventing overcorrection. |
| Plant leaves bend towards the sun., Prey runs from predator., Microorganisms follow light/chemical signals., Birds migrate in response to changing seasons. | How do living things respond/interact with their environment? |
| Modifications that allow an organism to better survive and reproduce within a given environment. | Adaptations |
| Plant leaves bend towards the sun., Prey runs from predator., Microorganisms follow light/chemical signals., Birds migrate in response to changing seasons. | How do living things respond/interact with their environment? |
| Modifications that allow an organism to better survive and reproduce within a given environment. | Adaptations |
| The | Adaptations result from? |
| The process by which certain individuals are predisposed for success in a particular environment due to their particular characteristics. These characteristics simultaneously predispose these same individuals for reproductive success in that environment. | Natural Selection |
| Group of similarly constructed organisms capable of interbreeding & producing fertile offspring (=biological species concept). | Species |
| All of the members of "one" species within a particular geographic area. | Population |
| All of the populations of "different" species within a particular geographic area. | Community |
| A community of organisms "with" the nonliving characteristics (ex. soil, air, energy, nutrients, etc.) of the geographic aer they inhabit. | Ecosystem |
| The sum total of all the species, populations, communities, and ecosystems of the Earth. | Biosphere |
| Humans tend to impact ecosystems negatively (ex. hunting, deforestation). | Human Influence. |
| A combined measure of the number and relative abundance of species in a particular geographic area (pond, the Earth, etc). 15 million (estimated) extant species currently living. Only 2 million have been treated taxonomically. | Biological Diversity (BioDiversity) |
| The death of a species or higher classification or organism. Does not necessarily require the death ofthe last individual | Extinction |
| The grouping of organisms into meaningful categories. | Classification |
| The discipline of identifying and classifying organisms according to a particular set of rules or guidelines (=when the rules are changed the classification often changes; ex. parsimony vs. max. likelihood). | Taxonomy |
| The functional units or categories of taxonomy (often species). | Taxon (plural taxa) |
| Taxon, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species | Classification of organisms. |
| Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya | The Three Domain System of Classification |
| Observation -> Hypothesis -> Experiment/Observations -> Conclusion -> Scientific Theory | steps of the Scientific Method |
| Scientists use their five senses; instruments can extend the range of senses | observation |
| A tentative explanation for what was observed. Developed through inductively reasoning from specific to general. | Hypothesis |
| Purpose is to challenge the hypothesis; Designed through deductively reasoning from general to specific; Often divides subjects into a control group and an experimental group; Predicts how groups should differ if hypothesis is valid | Experimentation |
| Observable, objective results from an experiment, Strength of the data expressed in probabilities; The probability that random variation could have caused the results | Results |
| are what the scientist thinks caused the results. | Conclusions |
| other scientists attempt to duplicate or dismiss the published findings. | Peers review |
| An educated guess based upon observation. It is a rational explanation of a single event or phenomenon based upon what is observed, but which has not been proved. | Hypothesis |
| Are the same for each experiment (things not changed) | Control variables |
| is the "one" thing that is not changed | Manipulated variables |
| the "thing" that responds to the change. | Responding variable |
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