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Bio 260

Exam 1

QuestionAnswer
Define Prions "proteinaceous infectious agent" a cytopathic protein associated w/ the slow virus spongiform encephalitis.
Define Viruses Are not cells that are composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
Define Archae A prokaryote single celled organism that live in harsh enviroments.
Define Bacteria Prokaryote unicellular organism that lacks a true nucleus.
Eukarya contain a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
Prokaryotes microorganisms that lack a nucleus and organelles.
Eukaryotes are eukarya that have a nucleus and membrane organelles.
Protists unicellular and poorly differentiated orgainisms.
Protozoa a group of single celled eurkaryotic organisms.
Fungi eukaryotic cells that can be uni or multicellular.
Helminths parasitic worms.
Spontaneous all living organisms arise from non-living matter.
cell-theory all cells arise from other cells.
Four Koch's Postulates 1. agent must be present in every case and not in healthy people 2. agent can be isolated and grown in a pure culture. 3. disease can be reproduced by inoculation of healthy person with a pure culture 4. agent can be isolated from newly infected organi
What are infectious agents? Prions and viruses.
What are infectious organisms? Bacteria, Fungi, Protists and Helminths.
What did Leeuwenhook contribute to microbiology? views protists and bacteria.
What did Jenner contribute to microbiology? Developed vaccination, inoculating people with cow pox.
What did Koch contribute to micro biology? Link a specific disease to a specific organism
What did Semmelweis contribute to microbiology? developed hand washing
Pasteur contributed what to microbiology. Developed pasteurization, disproves spontaneous generation and proposes the cell theory.
What did Lister contribute to microbiology? Developed practice of antisepsis.
What did Fleming discover? Penicillin.
Covalent Bonds Involves bonds that share electrons between two atoms.
Non-polar covalent bonds Individually weak and collectively strong.
Polar covalent bonds have a neg. and a pos. charges on the end.
Ionic Bond electrons that are transferred from one atom to the next and are not shared.
Cation positively charged ions
Anion negatively charged ions
Hydrogen bonds weak type of bond that forms between a hydrogen and is covalently bonded to one molecule.
Non-polar interactions. they have no charge, they neither repel or attract to each other.
Hydrophobic Water fearing
Hydrophyllic Water loving
Acidic Ph less than 7
Basic Ph more than 7
Neutral Ph=7
Is water a temperature buffer? Yes, excellent
At what temperature is water dense? 4 celsius
Is life possible in all water? Yes, oceans floors and the bottom of lakes.
Does water have a high surface tension and heat capacity? Yes
What do hydrogen bonds do for water in liquid form? Stabilize
Is water a universal solvent? Yes.
Properties of Acids Sour, corrodes metals, electrolytes and reacts with base for salt and water.
Properties of Bases Bitter, chalky, electrolytes, and reacts with acids to form salt and water.
Carbs Provide cell with structure and energy is glycogen and glucose.
Glycocalyx Slimy layers, capsules.
Lipids Long term energy storage, cell membrane, insulation, and vitamins KADE.
Phospholipids are derivitives of triglycerides. 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group. Tails are hydrophobic and heads are hydrophillic.
Proteins Are essential in cell structure and function.
What are enzymes? Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
What are transporter proteins? move chemicals across a membrane.
What are flagella made of? Proteins
Are bacterial toxins proteins? Yes.
What proteins are globular? HMG, Myoglobin, Insulin, glucagon, growth hormone,antibodies, receptors, and enzymes.
What proteins are structural and fibrous? Keratin (hair nails skin), collagen (tendons ligaments) and silks.
Nucleic Acids Are polymers of nucleotides. Store DNA and RNA.
Monomers Smallest molecular unit.
Primary Protein amino acids joined by polypeptide bonds.
Secondary Protein amino acid chain folds, hydrogen bonds.
Tertiary Protein helix folds irregularly, polypeptides.
Quaternary Protein more than a complete protein.
What are the domains in Life? Archae,Bacteria, Eukarya
What are the 4 kingdoms? Protists, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae
Archae Are unicellular organisms that are invisible to naked eye. Oldest known organism. No nucleus or organelles. Found in extreme earth conditions.
Bacteria are unicellular, no true nucleus and less than 10% cause diseases.
Eukarya Contain a true nucleus and organelles. Structures that can be seen in the cell.
Gram + Lots of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid.
Gram - Little peptidoglycan, lypopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, and porins.
endospores all small, dormant, resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegatative cell. EX: bacillus
Nucleus Holds DNA and RNA
Cytoplasm Space outside the nucleus
Cytoskeleton maintains shape of cell, anchors organelles, moves part of cell for growth and motility.
Centrioles organize data
Flagella used for motility
Golgi Apparatus post office for data
Rough ER contains ribosomes, protein synthesis
Smooth ER contains no ribosomes
Hypha(fungi) are thread like walled more or less cylindrical
Mycelium made of hypha
Nutrition of Fungi hetertrophic, store energy as glycogen, produce enzymes to digest food.
Symbiosis one is dependent on another. Seen after earthquakes.
What is the role of fungi in nature? food, brewing alcohol, french cheeses, and penicillin.
dinoflagellates are unicellular,phototrophic, mostly in marine water, "red tide", toxic and seen in plankton
Mastigophora(flagellates) move with flagella
Sarcodina move by a pseudopod,heterotrophic,reproduce sexually, live in aquatic enviroments.
Sporozoans all parasitic
Babesia cattle tick fever
Crytosporidium causes diarrhea
plasmodium causes malaria
toxoplasmosis causes congenital defects in humans, cats, and livestock
What are some pathogenic flagellates? G. lamblia,trichomonas vaginalis, trypanosomes, leishmania sp.
Fimbrae helps to adhere to other cells.
Pilus gateway for DNA to travel
Plasmid Double stranded DNA
Created by: cballard1976
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