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Phrama Unit 1 Gloss
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Absorption | the process of moving a drug across body membranes |
| Active transport | transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; requires an expenditure of energy |
| Affinity | chemical attraction that impels certain molecules to unite with others to form complexes |
| Agonist | drug that is capable of binding with receptors to induce a cellular response |
| Antagonist | drug that blocks the response of another drug |
| Bioavailability | ability of a drug to reach the bloodstream and its target tissues |
| Biologics | substances that produce biological responses within the body; they are synthesized by cells of the human body, animal celss or microorganisms |
| Blood-brain barrier | anatomical structure that prevents certain substances from gaining access to the brain |
| Chemical name | strict chemical nomenclature used for naming drugs established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) |
| Clinical investigation | second stage of drug testing that involves clinical phase trials |
| Clinical phase trials | testing of a new drug in selected patients |
| Combination drug | drug product with more than one active generic ingredient |
| Complementary and alternate therapies | treatments considered outside the realm of conventional Western medicine |
| Conjugates | side chains that, during metabolism, make drugs more water soluble and more easily excreted by the kidney |
| Controlled substance | in the United States, a drug whose use is restricted by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Conrol Act |
| Dependence | strong physiological or psychological need for a substance |
| Diffusion or passive transport | transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion; expenditure of energy is not required |
| Distribution | the process of transporting drugs through the body |
| Drug | general term for any substance capable of producing biological responses in the body |
| Drug-protein complex | drug that has bound reversibly to a plasma protein, particularly albumin, that makes the drug unavailable for distribution to body tissues |
| Efficacy | the ability of a drug to produce a desired response |
| Enzyme induction | process in which a drug changes the function of the hepatic microsomal enzymes and increases metabolic activity in the liver |
| Frequency distribution curve | A curve relating the magnitude of an observed variable characteristic to its frequency of occurrence. A normal frequency distribution is described by a Gaussian curve. |
| Generic name | non proprietary name of a drug assigned by the government |
| Graded dose-response | relationship between and measurement of the patient's response obtained at different doses of a drug |
| Hepatic microsomal enzyme system | as it relates to pharmacotherapy, liver enzymes that inactivate drugs and accelerate their excretion; sometimes called the P-450 system |
| Idiosyncratic response | unpredictable and unexplained drug reaction |
| Ionized | converted totally or partly into ions |
| Loading dose | comparatively large dose given at the beginning of treatment to rapidly obtain the therapeutic effect of a drug |
| Maintenance dose | dose that keeps the plasma drug concentration continuously in the therapeutic range |
| Mechanism of action | the way in which a drug exerts its effects |
| Median effective dose | dose required to produce a specific therapeutic response in 50% of a group of patients |
| Median lethal dose (ED50) | often determined in preclinical trials, the dose of a drug that will be lethal in 50% of a group of animals |
| Median toxicity dose (TD50) | dose that will produce a given toxicity in 50% of a group of patients |
| Medication | drug after it has been administered |
| Medication error index | categorization of medication errors according to the extent of the harm an error can cause |
| Metabolism | total of all biochemical reactions in the body |
| Minimum effective concentration | amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect |
| NDA review | third stage of new drug evaluation by the FDA |
| Nonionized | not converted into ions |
| Nonspecific cellular response | drug action that is independent of cellular receptors and is not associated with other mechanisms, such as changing the permeability of cellular membranes |
| Partial agonist | medication that produces a weaker, or less efficacious, response than the agonist |
| Pharmacodynamics | study of how the body responds to drugs |
| Pharmacogenetics | area of pharmacology that examines the role of genetics in drug response |
| Pharmacokinetics | study of how drugs are handled by the body |
| Pharmacological classification | method for organizing drugs on the basis of their mechanism of action |
| Pharmacology | the study of medicines; the discipline pertaining to how drugs improve or maintain health |
| Pharmacopoeia | medical reference indicating standards of drug purity, strength, and directions for synthesis |
| Pharmacotherapy | treatment of prevention of disease by means of drugs |
| Plasma half-life | the length of time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by half after administration |
| Postmarketing surveillance | evaluation of a new drug after it has been approved and used in large numbers of patients |
| Potency | the strength of a drug at a specified concentration or dose |
| Preclinical investigation | procedure implemented after a drug has been licensed for public use, designed to provide information on use and on occurrence of side effects |
| Prodrug | drug that becomes more active after it is metabolized |
| Prototype drug | well-understood model drug with which other drugs in pharmacologic class may be compared |
| Receptor | the structural component of a cell to which a drug binds in a dose-related manner, to produce a response |
| Receptor sites | A molecular site or the docking port on the surface of, or within, a cell, usually involving proteins that are capable of recognizing and binding with specific molecules. |
| Second messenger | cascade of biochemical events that initiates a drug's action by either stimulating or inhibiting a normal activity of a cell |
| Scheduled drugs | in the United States, a term describing a drug placed into one of five categories based on its potential for misues or abuse |
| Therapeutic classification | method for organizing drugs on the basic of their clinical usefulness |
| Therapeutic index | the ratio of the drugs LD to it's ED |
| Therapeutic range | the dosage range or serum concentration that achieves the desired drug effects |
| Therapeutics | the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease and suffering |
| Toxic concentration | level of drug that will result in serious adverse effects |
| Trade (proprietary) name | proprietary name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer; also called the brand name or product name |
| Withdrawal | physical signs of discomfort associated with the discontinuation of an abused substance |
Created by:
txcross
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