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Cancer 57
care of the patient with cancer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Oncology | is the sum of knowledge reguarding tumors is is is the bracnch of medicine that deals with the study of tumors, |
| Carcinogenesis | is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. |
| Risk factors for cancer: | Smoking,Dietary habits,Exsposure to radiation,Exposure to environmental and chemical carcinogens. |
| Cancer seven Warning Signals | Changes in bowel or bladder habits,A sore that doesn't heal,Unusual bleeding or discharge,Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere,Indigestion or difficulty in swalling,Obvious change in warts or moles, Nagging cough or hoarseness. |
| Normal Cells | Differentiated(most like the partent tissue),Adherent,Contact inhibited(respect the bounduries),Slow growth |
| Cancer Cells | Rapid(divide ,erratic growth(divide indiscriminately),Undifferentiated,Migrate,Loosely,Do Not recognized boarders(loss contact inhibitortion)growth on top of one another and on top of b/w normal cells,Large nucleus |
| Metastasis | Direct/extension ,Diffusion/seeding,Transportation/emboli,Permeation (metastasis through lymp systems),Implantation |
| Pathophysical of abnormal cell growth Benign neoplasm | Slow growth,Encapsulated,Differentiated cells,lack metastasis. |
| Pathphysical of abnormal cell growth malignant neoplsm | rapid growth,non-encapsuled,*anaplaxtic cells(w/o form or function) |
| Carinomas | large group of cancers 90%,soild tumors that develop from epiliathial tissue. (eg. colon,brest,stomach cancer) |
| Sarcoma | 5-7% start from connective tissue (eg.cartiage bone,bone marrrow,lythpatic system)usually presents as painless swelling. |
| Mixed tissue tumors | uncommon have epithalium and connective tissue tumors involved, (eg, willm's tumors,kindey tumors) |
| Cancer Grading 1 (grading on the cells) | well differentiated least malignat, cells differ slightly form normal cells, best prognosis. |
| Cancer Grading 2 (grading on the cells) | cells more abnormal and moderately diffeneniated |
| Cancer grading 3(grading on the cells) | Cells very abnormal, poorly differetiated) |
| cancer grading 4 (grading on the cells) | Most malillignat, cells immature,primmitive,undifferente. |
| Classification of Cancer (the tissue involved) | 0-camcer in situ,1-tumor limited to tissue of orgin,2 imited local spread,3 extenxive local and regional spread,4 metastasis |
| *TMM Classfication | an exspression of the anatomic extent of the disease,is based on assessment of three components. |
| Components that TMM is based on | 1,extent of primary tumor(T),2 absent or presence and extent of regional lymph node involed,3 absent or presence of distance metastasis(M). |
| Common stressors in development of abnormal cellular growth risk factors | Smoking,alchol,diet (high in fiber, low in fat), salt cured food,large amount of red meat.enviorment factors(chemical,radation,virus) |
| Seven warning signs of cancer | C,change in bowel or bladder habits,A sore that does not hea, T thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere,I indigestion or difficulty in swallowing,O obvious change in warts or moles, N nagging cough or hoarseness |
| Prostate Cancer risk factors | >50,black,drunk,diet high in animal fats,family hx of prostate cancer,environmental exsposure,PSA elevation |
| Prostate Cancer s/s | Decrease in force and size of urinary stream(*first sign),urency,frequency,nocturia,hesitancy,dysuria(painful viding),hematuria,usually first sign is difficulty voiding) |
| Psa | the gold star standard tumor marker for prostate cancer, is increasingly inportant in the dx assessment and follow up of patients with the dz. |
| Radiation therapy | can be used to cure or control cancer that has spread to local lymp nodes or to treat tumors that cannot ne removed.may be used pre-op to reduce the size of a tumor, or to slow the growth.post-op may be used to destroy malignant cells not removed. |
| Chemotherapy | are used to slow the growth of metastatic cancer. works with the cells ability to multiple or reproduce. |
| Lung Cancer s/s | More common i ages 40-70,cough,hemoptysis,fever&chills,dyspnea,wt loss,fatigue,decrease stamina |
| PSA Normal range | 0-4 |
| Hormone ablation therapy | take away some of the hormones to stop advancement ot growth.(luprcan) |
| Testicular Cancer | rare,cause unknown, most common malignany in men 15-35,most common cause of death in this age group. |
| Cryptorchudusm | Failure of testes to desend into the scrotum. men that have this problem have a higher risk for testicular cancer. |
| Testicular cancer C/M | slow or rapid onset,enlarged scrotum,firm,painless,smooth mass in the testicular area, dull headache,heavy sensation in the abdominal area,perianal, or scrotum area. acute pain 10% of clients. |
| Dx test for testicular cancer | -papation,ultrasound,AFP(a-fetoprotein),hCG(human chrion gonadotropin),chest x-ray,CT scan. |
| Hgb normal ranges | Male: 14-18 g/dl, Female: 12-16 g/dl |
| Hct normal ranges | Males: 42-52%, Females: 37-47% |
| Erthrocytes (RBCs) normal ranges | males: 4.7-6.1 million/mm3, Females: 4.2-5.4 million/mm3 |
| Thrombocytopenia | is a reduction int the number of circulating platelts, due to the depression of the bone marrow. |
| Platelet noraml range | 150,000-400,000/mm3, < 200,000 will cause spontaneous bleeding. |
| Testicular Cancer Tx | Radial inguinal orchiectomy,Radiation,chemo. |
| Primary prevention Testicular Cancer | Early detection/teaching TSE beginning at age 15. |
| Endometriosis/Patho | is a condition is which tissue apprears outside the uterus. |
| Endomentriosis spread | the spread of the tissue is belived to be through lymphatic circulation, by menstrual backflow to the fallopian tubes and pelvic cavity, or through congenital displacement of the cells. |
| Endomentriosis C/M | lower abdominal and pelvic pain with or with out pain in the rectum.may radiate to the lower back,legs, and groin.symptoms are more acute during menstruation and subside after menstruation |
| Leiomyomas of the Uterus/ Patho | are the most common benign tumors of the female genital tract. arising from the muscle of the urterus. the tumors lack the key protein dermatopontin, which plays a role in holding tissue together. |
| Leiomyomas of the Uterus/ C/M | primiarly pressure from an enlarging pelvic mass,pain(dysmenorrhea),normal uterine bleeding,and menorrhagia w menstrual periods. if it becomes to large can cause pressure on other stuctures. (backache,constipation,urinary symptoms). |
| Ovarian Cysts/Patho | are benign tumors that arise from dermoid cells of the ovary or from a cystic corpus leuteum or graafian follicle. |
| Ovarian Cysts C/M | enlarge and are palpable on examination.cause no symptoms, may result in a disturbance of menstruation,a feeling of heaviness,and slight vaginal bleeding. |
| Cancer of the Cervix | link is closely linked to sexual behavior and to sexually transmitted infections with serveral strains of human papilloma virus(HPV)and smoking.usually a squamou cell carcinoma. |
| Breast Cancer/predisposing factors | menarche prior to age 12,late menopause >50,family hx especially mother or maternal aunt,sister, |
| Breast Cancer S/S | Lump,thickening or any change in breast,nipple discharge,hx of pain or tingling w/o a palpable mass,breast enlargement or thickening,nipple retraction,redness with swelling and heat,puckering in any area of the breast. |
Created by:
shelja
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