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B&W Earthquakes

chapter 14 earthquakes

QuestionAnswer
A force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume. STRESS
Stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle. TENSION
Stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks. COMPRESSION
Stress that pushes masses of rock in opposite directions, in a sideways movement. SHEARING
A type of fault where the hanging wall slides downward; caused by tension in the crust. NORMAL FAULT
The block of rock that forms the upper half of a fault. HANGING WALL
The block of rock that forms the lower half of a fault. FOOTWALL
A type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward; caused by compression in the crust. REVERSE FAULT
A type of fault in which rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up or down motion. STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
An upward fold in rock formed by compression of Earth's crust. ANTICLINE
A downward fold in rock formed by compression in Earth's crust. SYNCLINE
A large area of flat land elevated high above sea level. PLATEAU
Includes the crust and upper mantle (about 80 km deep). LITHOSPHERE
Under the lithosphere; zone of soft, easily deformed rock; very pliable and "flowing." ASTHENOSPHERE
The shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface. EARTHQUAKE
The point beneath Earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and causes an earthquake. FOCUS
The point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus. EPICENTER
A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground. P WAVE
A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side. S WAVE
A type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth's surface. SURFACE WAVE
A scale that rates earthquakes according to their intensity and how much damage they cause at a particular place. MERCALLI SCALE
The measurement of an earthquake's strength based on seismic waves and movement along faults. MAGNITUDE
A scale that rates an earthquake's magnitude based on the size of it's seismic waves. RICHTER SCALE
A device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth. SEISMOGRAPH
A scale that rates earthquakes by estimating the total energy released by an earthquake. MOMENT MAGNITUDE SCALE
The record of an earthquake's seismic waves produced by a seismograph. SEISMOGRAM
The force that opposes the motion of one surface as it moves across another surface. FRICTION
The process by which an earthquake's violent movement suddenly turns loose soil into liquid mud. LIQUEFACTION
An earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area. AFTERSHOCK
A large wave produced by an earthquake on the ocean floor. TSUNAMI
A building mounted on bearings designed to absorb the energy of an earthquake. BASE-ISOLATED BUILDING
Created by: bwise
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