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B&W Earthquakes
chapter 14 earthquakes
Question | Answer |
---|---|
A force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume. | STRESS |
Stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle. | TENSION |
Stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks. | COMPRESSION |
Stress that pushes masses of rock in opposite directions, in a sideways movement. | SHEARING |
A type of fault where the hanging wall slides downward; caused by tension in the crust. | NORMAL FAULT |
The block of rock that forms the upper half of a fault. | HANGING WALL |
The block of rock that forms the lower half of a fault. | FOOTWALL |
A type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward; caused by compression in the crust. | REVERSE FAULT |
A type of fault in which rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up or down motion. | STRIKE-SLIP FAULT |
An upward fold in rock formed by compression of Earth's crust. | ANTICLINE |
A downward fold in rock formed by compression in Earth's crust. | SYNCLINE |
A large area of flat land elevated high above sea level. | PLATEAU |
Includes the crust and upper mantle (about 80 km deep). | LITHOSPHERE |
Under the lithosphere; zone of soft, easily deformed rock; very pliable and "flowing." | ASTHENOSPHERE |
The shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface. | EARTHQUAKE |
The point beneath Earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and causes an earthquake. | FOCUS |
The point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus. | EPICENTER |
A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground. | P WAVE |
A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side. | S WAVE |
A type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth's surface. | SURFACE WAVE |
A scale that rates earthquakes according to their intensity and how much damage they cause at a particular place. | MERCALLI SCALE |
The measurement of an earthquake's strength based on seismic waves and movement along faults. | MAGNITUDE |
A scale that rates an earthquake's magnitude based on the size of it's seismic waves. | RICHTER SCALE |
A device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth. | SEISMOGRAPH |
A scale that rates earthquakes by estimating the total energy released by an earthquake. | MOMENT MAGNITUDE SCALE |
The record of an earthquake's seismic waves produced by a seismograph. | SEISMOGRAM |
The force that opposes the motion of one surface as it moves across another surface. | FRICTION |
The process by which an earthquake's violent movement suddenly turns loose soil into liquid mud. | LIQUEFACTION |
An earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area. | AFTERSHOCK |
A large wave produced by an earthquake on the ocean floor. | TSUNAMI |
A building mounted on bearings designed to absorb the energy of an earthquake. | BASE-ISOLATED BUILDING |