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envisci
final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ecology | how living things interact w/each other and their nonliving environment |
| agriculture | practice of growing, breeding, caring for plants/animals that are used for food etc |
| closed system | the only thing that enters the atmosphere in large amounts is sun’s energy. only thing that leaves is heat. |
| natural resource | any natural material used by humans |
| renewable resource | can be replaced relatively quickly by natural processes |
| nonrenewable resource | forms at a much slower rate than the rate it is consumed |
| resouces are depleted when | a large fraction of the resource has been used up |
| pollution | an undesired change in air, water/soil that adversely affects the health survival or activities of humans/organisms |
| biodegradable pollutants | can be broken down by natural processes ( ie newspapers, sewage) |
| when are degradable pollutants a problem | when the accumulate faster than they can be broken down into |
| nondegradable pollutants | pollutants that cannot be broken down by natural processes |
| biodiversity | number and variety of species that live in an area |
| Tragedy of the Commons, Thomas Hardin | argued the main difficulty in solving environmental problems is the conflict between the short-term interests of individuals & long term welfare of society. People more likely to take better care of their own property rather than public. |
| law of supply and demand | more demand= worth more |
| cost-benefit analysis | balances the cost of an action against the benefits |
| developed nations us _____% of the world’s resources but makes up ___20% of the world population | 75, 20 |
| ecological footprint | hows the productive area of Earth needed to support one person in a particular country |
| sustainability | condition in which human needs are met in such a way that a human population can survive indefinitely |
| observation | a piece of information we gather using our senses |
| hypothesis | testable explanation for an observation |
| prediction | logical statement about what might happen if the hypothesis is correct |
| experiment | procedure designed to test a hypothesis under controlled conditions |
| variable | factor of interest |
| experimental group | group that receives experimental treatment |
| control group | group that doesn’t get experimented on |
| data | information a scientist gathers during an experiment |
| 5 types species interactions | mutualism commencialism symbiosis- at least 1 benefits predation parasitism |
| commencialism | one benefits, other unharmed |
| dispersion | relative distribution of indiv's in given amnt space |
| growth rate | births minus deaths |
| mutualism | both benefit |
| reproductive potential | max # of offspring each member of pop may produce |
| generation time | avg amount of time it takes for each species to reach reproduction age |
| limiting resource | resource used at same rate ecosystem produces it |
| niche restriction | each species uses less of the niche they're capable of using |
| explain experimental method | 1) observe 2) form hypothesis 3) perform experiment 4) interpret data 5) repeat experiment 6) communicate results |
| describe earth's layers | 1) lithosphere- tectonic plates 2) asthenosphere- mantle rock, tectonic plates float 3)mesosphere 4) outer core 5) inner core |
| describe layers of atmosphere from farthest to nearest | 4) thermosphere- ionosphere, absorb radiation 3) mesosphere- coldest 2) stratosphere- temp rises w/altitude...ozone layer 1) troposphere- weather, temp decs w/alt |
| 3 ways energy from sun reaches Earth | 1) conduction- heat source touching something colder to transfer energy 2) radiation- energy transferred across space 3) convection- heat w/aircurrents |
| solar energy reaches the Earth thru | electromagnetic radiation |
| pack ice | forms when winds/waves drive together frozen seawater into a large mass |
| how does ocean regulate earth temperature | absorb and store energy from sunlight absorbs over 1/2 solar radiation reaching earth absorbs and releases energy more slowly than land |
| a little more than ____% of all water on Earth is | freshwater |
| groundwater is less than ___5 of all water | 1% |
| land surface where water enters aquifer | recharge zone |
| biosphere | narrow layer around earth's surface where life can exist |
| in a closed system... vs open system | only energy enters environment open system: both matter and energy exchange between system + surrounding environ |
| ecosystem | all of the organisms living in an area tog w/their phys environment |
| 5 basic components ecosystem | energy mineral nutrients water living organisms oxygen |
| biotic factors | living and once living parts of ecosystem |
| population | all members of same species living in ecosystem at the same time |
| community | group of various species that live in same plae and interact |
| natural selection | unequal survival and reproduction that results from having/lacking specific traits |
| evolution | change in genetic characteristics from one generation to the next |
| adaptation | inherited trait increasing chance of suvival |
| name the 6 different kingdoms | archaebacteria eubacteria plants protists animals fungi |
| how many cells do bacteria have | 1 |
| archaebacteria | single celled no nuclei reproduce by dividing in 1/2 harsh environments ex methanogens, extreme thermophiles |
| eubacteria | single celled lack cell nuclei reproduce by diving in 1/2 common proteobacteria, cyanobacteria |
| fungi | absorb food thru body surface usually on land have cell walls yeast, mushroom, rust |
| protists | most single celled most in water seaweed, algae (phytoplankton) |
| plants | many cells, cell walls, photosynthesis |
| gymnosperms | seeds not enclosed in fruit thin leaves- less water loss produce pollen (sperm) |
| animals | many cells no cell walls ingest food land and water |
| cellular respiration | process of breaking down food to yield energy cells absorb oxygen and use it to release energy from food |
| bottom feeders get food from | hydrogen sulfide |
| what do nitrogen fixing bacteria do where are they found | fixes atmospheric nitrogen into chemical compounds in nodules on the roots of plants called legumes |
| gradual process of change and replacement of the types of species in a community | ecological succession |
| primary succession | succession occuring in a place where no ecosystem has previously existed |
| pioneer species | the first organisms to colonize any newly available area |
| old field succession | secondary succession ex. farmland abandoned...annual plants, preennials, shrubs, pine forest, mature oak forest... small to big b/c bigger plants take away sun from smaller plants |
| biome | large region characterized by a specific CLIMATE and certain types of plant/animal COMMUNITIES |
| plants determine ________ | plants determine organisms |
| epiphytes | plants that use entre tree surface as a place to live |
| temperate rainforest where climate forest floor | N.Am, Aust, NZ lots of precip, mod temp, high humidity lush ferns |
| temperate deciduous forest where climate soil | 30 to 50 N lattitude variety of seasons, lots of rain rich |
| taiga where climate conifers | N. Hemisphere cold waxy, thin- retain moisture small- helps make snow fall off |
| savanna where climate plant adaptations | Africa, W. India, N.Austrailia, sm pts of S.Am wet+dry season horiz root system, broad leaves to provide shelter, thorns |
| temperate grassland where climate soil+plants+animals | interiors of continents (prairies- N.Am, steppes- Russia, pampas- S.Am) mod precip most fertile soil, prairie grass, wildflowers, dense root system, grazers |
| chaparral where climate plants+animals | coastal areas w/Med climate |
| desert where climate adaptations | Sahara, Gobi (china), great basin (us) less than 25cm precip water nt deep (roots along surface), estivating (buryiing in ground +sleeping), thicky, fleshy leaves, wax coating (stop H2O loss), thick scaly skins |
| tundra where climate other features | north of Arctic Circle short summer permafrost, bogs+swamps, shallow, wide roots, close to ground, migration, one of the most fragile |
| wetland | land that's periodically underwater |
| freshwater vs marine | freshwater: wetland,river,lake,pond maine: marsh, swamp, coral reef, ocean |
| what factors determine which organisms live in which areas of the water | temperature, sunlight, oxygen, nutrients |
| plankton | organisms that float near ocean surface zooplankton+phytoplankton phytoplankton- make most of food |
| eutrophication | increased amount of nutrients in aquatic ecosystem more plants+algae= more bacteria=less oxygen available= other orgs die |
| eutrophic lake | lake w/large amount of plant growth due to nutrients |
| two main types of freshwater wetlands | marshes- nonwoody plants (cattails) swamps- woody plants (trees/shrubs) |
| why are wetlands good? | absorb pollution prevent flooding- absorb extra water fish spawning ground wildlife home recreation= fishing, photography |
| freshwater marshes where? | southeastern US ie. Florida everglades low, flat lands, little movement reeds, rushs nutrient rich benthic zone |
| brackish marsh vs white salt marsh | brackish- slightly salty white salt- saltier |
| freshwater swamp what sort of land? animals | flat, poorly drained, often near stream woody plants amphibians, American alligator |
| rhizod | rootlike structures that anchor mosses to rocks |
| river old vs young | young-mostly mountain snow melt, cold+full of oxygen later wider,warmer, slower, less oxygen |
| estuaries define what must orgs tolerate why are ports prevalent on estuaries? | where river freshwater mixes with ocean salt water nutrients fall to bottom tolerate change sin salinity protected harbour, ocean access, river connection....ie NYC, Shanghai, Bombay |
| salt marshes where? what do they do? | shoreline gulf of Mex, Atlantic coast of US develop in estuaries where rivers deposit mineral rich mud absorb pollutants, protect inland areas |
| where are mangrove swamps found | swamps along coasts of trop+ subtropical areas warm |
| barrier islands | typically parallel to shore protect mainland and coastal wetland |
| how are coral reefs made | coral polyps secrete limestone which accumulates. |
| where are coral reefs found | clear, warm saltwater w/light shallow tropical seas |
| biotic potential | fastest rate populations may grow |
| carrying capacity | max population an ecosystem can support indefinitely |
| four stages of demographic transition | 1.preindustrial 2.transitional- better hygiene,edu,nutrition 3. industrial birthrate stabilizes bt larger pop 4. post industrial birthrate drops below replacement level |
| infrastructure | basic facilities that support a community |
| what do ppl need to live | clean water burnable fuel land |
| arable land | land that can be used to grow crops |
| species diversity | difference btwn populations of species and diff species |
| ecosystem diversity | variety of habitats, communities, ecological processes within and btwn ecosystems |
| genetic diversity | all the different genes in memers of a population |
| germ plasm | any form of genetic material |
| habitat conservation plan | attempts to protect species across large areas of land thru trade offs/cooperation |
Created by:
clamchowder
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