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Bio Mid-Term Exam
Bio Flashcards
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mouth | -Many Mucus glands. acts as lubricant. -mechanical digestion (chewing) mixes food with saliva. -saliva contains *amylase* which hydrolyzes starch into isaccharides (maltose) |
| Circuts | -pulminary circuit: lungs -systemic circuit: body -corinary circuit: heart -portal circuit: blood from digestion to liver |
| Roughage | -we can't digest -feces |
| Villi | -line small intestine -cells contain enzymes needed to complete digestion of proteins and carbs -increase surface for absorption -contain network of capillaries and lacteal (projection of lymph system)-amino acids+sugar > capillaries -fats ---> lac |
| Ulcers | -open sore |
| Left Atrium + Ventricle | Blood Comes from lungs through pulmonary vein. Sends blood to body through aorta. |
| Esophagus | -passageway to stomach -peristaltic waves help move food down canal |
| Sphincter | -opens for short periods of time allowing the chyme to enter small intestine a little at a time. |
| Blood Pressure (what it affects) | -pressure exerted on walls -120/70 (120 ventricle contractions), 70 (ventricle relaxation) 1.heart rate 2.viscosity(thickness) 3. resistance to flow 4.volume |
| Valves | tricuspid- RA+RV pulmonary- RV+PA bicuspid- LA+LV aortic- LV+A |
| SA node | pacemaker |
| AV node | -delay -allows all blood |
| Blood | white blood cells- (infection fighters) macrophage+lymphocytes -red blood cells- oxygen+CO2 plasma- medium for movement platelets- clotting |
| Minerals | proper function in body -calcium= most abundant -excreted through sweat+kidneys -used by body in form of dissociated ions |
| Trace Minerals | -we don't need much of them |
| Veins (largest to smallest) | venules ------> veins |
| Stomach | -gastric juice is used to digest(hydrolyze) proteins partially. -gastric juice contains pepsinogen+ hydrochloric acid(HCI) -HCI changes pepsinogen to pepsin. helps kill germs taken in with food -rennin in gastric juice -food changed to chyme |
| Large Intestine | -absorbs water -bacteria inhabit, they produce important vitamins for the body |
| Liver | -releases bile |
| Pancreas | -juice contains proteases,amylases(starch -> maltose), and lipases (fats -> fatty acids+glycerol) |
| Small Intestine | -hydrolysis is completed -liver, pancreas, intestinal glands do their jobs -villi contain enzymes needed to complete digestion of proteins and carbs -great absorption |
| Vitamins | -normal growth -repair and maintain health function in body |
| Bile | -stored in gall bladder -bile salts aid in digestion of fats by emulsifying them -strongly alkaline -neutralizes acids in stomach -NO DIGESTIVE ENZYMES! |
| peristalsis | -muscle movement |
| Intestinal Glands | -completed digestion of proteins, carbs and fats. because secreases proteases amylases and lipases |
| Arteries (largest to smallest) | -artery -arterioles -capillaries |
| Lipid Soluble and Water Soluble | lipid- stays in water- have to use or comes out with urine |
| Veins and Arteries | veins- takes blood to heart arteries- takes blood away from heart exception:pulmonary circut |
| Right Atrium and Ventricle | -blood comes from body through vena cava. sends blood to lungs through pulmonary artery. |
| Chromosomes | -contain DNA in nucleus |
| Human Growth Hormone (HGH) | -increases rate of growth during childhood |
| Nucleus | -information, DNA, cell reproduction, controls cell function |
| Chloroplasts | -contain chlorophyll in green PLANT CELLS. (FOOD) |
| Lipids | -contains: C,O,H -more than 2xH than O -many C-C, C-H bonds -much energy when oxidized -polyunsaturated: numerous double bonds -saturated: all H atoms it can take on -synthesized in body from fatty acids + glycerol |
| Recombinant DNA | -uses bacteria to make multiple of a human gene |
| Recombinant DNA (Process) | *plasmid is taken out of bacterium while human DNA is taker out containing needed gene. *restriction enzymes cut out of plasmid + and gene out of DNA *gene is placed on sticky ends of plasmid *plasmid is placed is placed back into the bacterium |
| Crossing Over | -breaking of linkage groups more variety of gametes |
| Golgi Bodies | -sort and package proteins sends them to surface so they may leave cell |
| DNA and RNA Polymerase | zips up bonds |
| Cell Wall | -rigid, contains cellulose -plant cells ONLY |
| Cillia and Fagella | -cell locomotion |
| Lysosomes | -digest substances |
| Alveoli | -functioning units of the lungs, thin, moist walls composed of a single layer of cells. -external respiration takes place here. |
| Phenotype | -Physical looks |
| Linkage | -traits on same chromosome |
| Ribosomes | -protein synthesis, composed of proteins and RNA |
| Law of Dominance | In a cross between two pure contrasting traits only one of them appears in the next generation. This trait is dominant over the other (recessive). |
| Law of Segregation | During gamete formation, two genes responsible for each trait separate from each other so that each gamete contains only one gene for each trait. |
| Mitosis | Cell division in all cells |
| Mitosis (process) | -Interphase- resting -Prophase- chromosomes line up, centrioles to poles, nuclear membrane begins to disappear Metaphase- spindle fibers attach to cenromere of chromosome Anaphase- cytoplasmic division begins, spindle fibers pull chromose apart |
| Gondotrophins (FSH) | -affects gonads (testes+ovaries_ and their secretions during sexual cycle |
| Vacules | -Storage sacs (plants only) |
| Convergent | -into one area |
| Divergent | -out to multiple areas |
| Plasma Membrane | -separates the cell from the environment, selectively permeable, transports materials in and out of cell -made of: phospholpids, cholesterol, proteins |
| Lymphatic System | -collects plasma that has leaked -empties collected fluid into large veins near heart and neck -lymph nodes give rise to Wbc's and antibodies -fats enter lymph vessels (lacteals) |
| Blood Types | A- AO, AA (dominant) B- BO, BB (dominant) O- OO (recessive) AB- AB (co dominant) |
| Stem Cells | -cells that have not yet differentiated -come from different sites in the body but can be less diverse as a person ages |
| Prokaryotes | -single cell |
| Internal Respiration | Oxygen --> cells CO2+H2O --> blood |
| tRNA | -brings amino acids in anti-codons -from arrangement of codons in mRNA -amino acids bonded by peptide bonds |
| Reproductive Cloning | -taking somatic cell from the body and removing it's nucleus and placing it into an egg cell that has had nucleus removed |
| Meiosis | -only in sex cells -two cell divisions to get haploid -no interphase - 4 daughter cells (haploids) -gametes: sperm and egg |
| Rh Factor | -if mother is positive, everything is OK but if she is negative, father bust also be negative. + is dominant over - |
| Cytoplasm | -contents in cell (fluid) |
| Genotype | -genetic makeup |
| Phagocytes | -engulf antigens -lysosomes digest |
| Transcription | -DNA copies to RNA -mRNA goes to ribosome in cytoplasm |
| Pyrimidines | -cytosine and tymine -smaller |
| Tidal Volume | -amount of air that provides enough oxygen for a resting person |
| DNA mutations | Insertion: addition Deletion: Self explanatory Inversion: change spots Translocation: moved to another chromosome |
| Point Mutation | -one base pair changes |
| Passive Immunity | -antibodies produced by other organisms and give to individual |
| pH Scale | 0_____________________7__________________14 (acid) (water) (OH- base) |
| Carbohydrates | -mono->di->polysccharides -contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen -twice as many H then O -constructed in rings ENERGY: glycogen -> glucose |
| Proteins | -most abundant organic compound -contains "N"itrogen -building blocks: amino acids -two groups: amino(NI2) and carboxyl(COOH) -R= variable that determines amino acids -linkage between amino acids-peptide bonds -2-dipeptide,3-tripeptide, 4+ polyp |
| Frameshift | -addition or deletion of base pair |
| Purines | -bigger -adenine+guanine |
| Helicase | -unzips hydrogen bonds |
| Translation | tRNA brings amino acids in anticodon |
| Hyrdophilic | -water soluble |
| Hydrophobic | -hot water soluble |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | -passageway that functions in the transport of materials throughout the cell |
| Passive Transport | -no energy -diffusion + facilitated diffusion |
| Active Immunity | - individual builds own antibodies |
| Active Transport | -need energy and protein *High ------> Low* |
| Cell Theory | -unit of structure in plants + animals -unit of function in plants and animals -all cells come from other cells |
| Sex Linked Traits | only carried on X chromosomes |
| Haploid | -sex cells/ gametes - 1/2 number of chromosomes |
| Diploid | -full amount of chromosomes |
| Incomplete Dominance | -a mix of traits *R'R'xRR = RR', RR', RR', RR' |
| mRNA | -copies DNA in nucleus then travels to a ribosome -triplets: codons |
| Codominace | -both traits show up *RWxRW = RR, BW, RW, WW |
| Eukaryotes | -multiple cells -have nucleus |
| Nucleotide | -consists of: *5 carbon sugar *phosphate group *purine or pyrimidine (nitrogen bases) |
| Hypodtonic | -lots of water in, little out -cell inflates |
| Hypertonic | -lots of water out, little in -cell shrinks |
| Isotonic | -dynamic equilibrium |
| Mitochondria | -"Powerhouse" cellular respiration place -release of energy |
| Vital Capacity | -maximum amount of air that can come into the lungs -size and physical being of a person determines vital capacity |
| Law of Independent Assortment | -when dihybrid plants are crossed, the factor for each trait is distributed independently of the factors for all traits |
Created by:
isabellecone
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