Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Chapter 12
DNA and Protein Synthesis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do we know DNA is the genetic material? (summarize the three main experiments) | |
| Describe the basic structure of DNA. | DNA is a polymer, made of monomers called nucleotides. Sides of the ladder are alternating deoxyribose (sugar) and phosphate groups. Inside is two bases with hydrogen bond. |
| Who built the first model of DNA? Who won the nobel prize? | Watson and Crick; Watson, Crick, and |
| Give the base pairing rules. | A - T C - G |
| Describe the steps of DNA replication and give the enzymes involved. | enzyme helicase breaks hydrogen bonds btwn bases. DNA polymerase goes along strand adding compli. bases. Polymerase proofreads for errors. |
| What is a nucleotide, and what is it made of? | Nucleotide is made of phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base. What DNA is made of. |
| How do purines differ from pyrimidines? | Purines ( A and G ) have two rings, while pyrimidines ( T and C) have one. |
| Name three differences between RNA and DNA. | -RNA is one-stranded. -RNA has ribose instead of deoxyribose. -uracil instead of thymine. |
| What is the genetic code? Where is it carried? Why does RNA have to transcribe the genes? | Genetic code is the 'language of mRNA. Codons code for particular amino acids or a stop sign to be added to the polypeptide. DNA can't leave the nucleus, so needed sections are copied/transribed into mRNA. |
| What is transcription? Where does it occur? | Transcription is the change from DNA to mRNA. RNA polymerase binds to 'promoter' and unwinds the dobule helix, then moves along the strand adding complimentary bases, except using U instead of T. Goes on till reaches terminator sequence. |
| What is RNA polymerase? | Enzyme that is very similiar is DNA polymerase. |
| What is a promoter? Why do you need one? | Promoter is regions of DNA that have specific base sequences that indicate to the enzyme here to bind to make RNA. |
| What is a terminator? | Similiar to promoters, tell RNA polymerase when to detach. |
| What are the three types of RNA, and what are their functions? | mRNA: messengers from DNA to cell tRNA: molecule that transfers each amino acid to the riboses as it is specified by the codons in mRNA. RNA: part of ribosomes...? |
| What are codons? | Three consecutive nucleotides that specify a particular amino acid or stop signal. |
| The codon UUC will code for what amino acid? | phenyll.... |
| What is RNA splicing/processing? What occurs? | mRNA 'cuts out' parts that are not incolved in coding for proteins. (introns). Remaining exons are then spliced back together for the final form of mRNA. |
| What are introns and exons? | Introns: sequences of nucleotides not involved in coding for proteins. |
| Where does translation occur? What happens? What is the anticodon? | In ribosomes. cell uses info from mRNA to produce proteins. Anticodon: three unpaired bases on the tRNA that are complemetary to an mRNA codon. |
| What does tRNA carry? | one kind of amino acid and anticodons. |
| Why does protein synthesis stop? | Because the ribosome reaches a stop codon. |
| What is the bond that is formed between the amino acids? | Ribosome forms a peptide bond between the acids. |
| Could translation take place if transcription did not occur? | no |
| What is the operon? Operator, promoter, | -clusters of genes coding for proteins with related functions. (operate together) -region where DNA-binding protein lac repressor can bind (regulatory) |
| Describe how eukaryotic gene expression is regulated. Why does this benefit the cell? | same principles as prok. , except genes are controlled individually and much more complex. allows specialization. |
| What is the inducer for the lac operon? | lactose |
| In the lac operon, what stops the beta-galactosidase from continuing to be produced? | |
| Why is gene regulation necessary? | because not all is needed all at once. |
| What is a mutation? | change in genetic material. |
| Describe substitutions, insertions, deletions, and draw an example of each. | switch base pairs, add or take away a base. |
| What is a frameshift mutation? Why do they refer to it by this name? | insertion/deletion. shift reading frameof genetic message. |
| Describe the chromosomal mutations: deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation. | -loss of part or all of chromosome -extra copies of part of a chrom. -reverse direction of parts of chrom. -part of one breaks off and goes to another. |
| What is a mutagen and what is a carinogen? Give examples of each. | environmental factors (radiation) cancer causing chemicals (make mutations in DNA) |
| Define metastasis. | the transference of disease-producing organisms or of malignant or cancerous cells to other parts of the body by way of the blood or lymphatic vessels or membranous surfaces. |
| What is an oncogene? | gene, that when mutated, causes a cell to be cancerous. |
| Do all mutations cause cancer or problems? Why or why not? | no, because some only effect one amino acid. |
| inducer, repressor? | -what allows gene to be expressed. -DNA binding protein (lac repressor) which binds to O region. Also has a binding site for lactose. When lactose present, reporessor fall off operator. Now RNA polymerase can transcribe. |
Created by:
jamie_bio9
Popular Biology sets