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bio ch. 8
Holt biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gene | a segment of DNA found in chromosomes that controls a particular hereditary trait. occurs in pairs. |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism. consists of the alleles that the offspring inherits from its parents. |
| phenotype | the appearance of an organism as a result of its genotype |
| homozygous | when both alleles of a pair are alive, the organism is said to be homozygous. 1) homozygous dominant (PP). 2) homozygous recessive (pp). |
| Heterozygous | when the 2 alleles of a pair are different, the organism is heterozygous for that characteristic. |
| probability | this is the likelihood that a specific event will occur. (decimal, percentage, or fraction) |
| punnet square | a box diagram proposed by Reginald Punnet to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from genetic crosses. |
| monohybrid cross | a cross between individuals that involve one pair of contrasting traits/alleles. |
| autosomal gene | a gene located only on an autosomal chromosome. 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes in humans. |
| sex-linked gene | a gene located only on one of the sex chromosomes. X and Y chromosomes in humans. associated with genetic disorders. |
| codominance | a type of inheritiance in which a heterozygote expresses the distinct traits of both alleles. |
| ABO blood group | genetically determined group of human erythrocyte antigens represented by two blood factors (A and B) and four blood types (A, B, AB, and O). example of codominance. |
| autosomal chromosomes | chromosomes which don’t have impact on determining sex of organism |
| Hybrids | offspring resulting from the cross between parents of different species or sub-species. |
| Recessive Allele | 2 copies of T gene is necessary to express its character. lower case letter, weaker, masked by a dominant allele when a D + R allele are present 4 the same gene. A R allele will only present itself when two R alleles 4 a trait r present |
| Dominant Allele | A single copy of gene is enough to express its character. Usually denoted by capital letter, stronger, phenotype will always be represented when the allele for that gene is present |
| Sex Chromosomes | a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds. |
| True-breeding | describes organisms or genotypes that are homozygous for a specific trait and thus always produce offspring that have the same phenotype for that trait. |
| Cross-pollination | Fertilization by transfer of pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another |
| Self-pollination | the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of the same flower |
| carriers | A heterozygous individual bearing an unexpressed defective gene |
| F1 generation | first filial generation, the offspring of two strains of a specific genotype |
| F2 generation | second filial/familial generation, offspring of two members from F1 generation |
| P Generation | parental, first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross, their genes are basis for predicting future genes |
| Genetics | The study of the patterns of inheritance of specific traits. Relating to genes and genetic information. Also known as heredity. |
| Incomplete dominance | dominant allele is only partially expressed, and usually resulting in an offspring with an intermediate phenotype |
| Polygenic inheritance | is a pattern responsible for many features that seem simple on the surface. Many traits such as height, shape, weight, color, and metabolic rate are governed by the cumulative effects of many genes. |
| Hemophilia | Disorder that impairs the ability of blood to clot following a cut, bruise, or other injury. It is a disease that is x-linked (only males can have it, but women can be carriers) |
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