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NSEE6
Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nonliving | abiotic |
| Group of individuals in a particular species that interbreed. | population |
| All the interacting populations living together in an environment. | community |
| The consumption of one organism by another | predation |
| A competitive relationship between populations of a community that exists when diff. pops. in the same location use a limited resource. | competition |
| Individuals of different pops. live together in an intimate, often permanent association that may or may not be beneficial or harmful to either group. | Symbiosis |
| A living community within abiotic environment, interactions between populations, and flow of energy and molecules within the system. | Ecosystem |
| How populations interact with each other in terms of eating. | Food web. |
| Levels of food chain. | Trophic levels |
| A geographic region containing a distinct community. | Biomes |
| Vegetation that becomes dominant and stable after years of evolutionary development. Define and determine what? | Climax vegetation is used to characterize and name land biomes. Determines the climax animal population. |
| Name 8 types of terrestrial biomes | tropical forest, savanna, desert, temperate deciduous forest, northern coniferous forest, taiga, tundra, polar region. |
| Types of aquatic biomes. How different than land biomes. | Freshwater and marine. Plants have little controlling influence. Temperature, amount of available oxygen and CO2, and amount of suspended or dissolved materials are stable over very large areas. |
| Method of dating material a few thousand years old. | Carbon dating measuring radioactive decay. |
| Structures with the same basic anatomical features and evolutionary origins. Types of evolution? | Homologous structures.Divergent evolution. |
| Way to derive evolutionary relationships in living organisms. | Comparative embryology. |
| Structures with similar functions but different evolutionary origins and entirely different patterns of development. Type of evolution? | Analogous structures. Convergent evolution. |
| The rate of change in a gene over time. Function of what/ | Molecular clock. Probably a function of the level of resistance a gene has to changes. |
| Structures that appear to be useless in the context of a particular modern-day organism's behavior and environment. | Vestigial structures. |
| basic unit of evolution | population |
| Sum total of alleles in a population. Frequency with which a specific allele appears. | Gene pool. Allele frequency |
| A group of organisms that successfully interbreed with each other to produce fertile offspring and not with other organisms. | Species. |
| The science of classifying living things and using a system of nomenclature to name them. Invented by ___. | Taxonomy invented by Carolus Linnaeus. |
| The order of classificatory divisions and the names for humans. | Kingdom (Animalia), Phylum (Chordata), Subphylum (Verebrata), Class (Mammalia), Order (Primates), Family (Hominidae), Genus (Homo), Species (Sapiens) |
| 5 Kingdoms | Moneran, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia |
| Old-school primary grouping of living organisms. | Prokaryotes (include bacteria and archaebacteria, both with no organelles and simple circular DNA genome) and Eukaryotes (have nucleus). |
| Recent classification scheme with groups at higher level than kingdom. | Domains: bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes. |
| How do bacteria nourish themselves? | Heterotrophically (saprophytically or parasitically) or autotrophically. |
| How are bacteria classified? | By their morphological appearance: cocci (round), bacilli (rods), and spirilla (spiral). Named accordingly: diplococci (duplexes), staphylococci (clusters), or strptococci (chains). |
| Simplest eukaryotic organisms. Include what? How move? | Protists. Any eukaryotes, often unicellular, that are not plants, animals, or fungi. Amoebas and paramecia (heterotrophs), euglenas and algae (photosynthetic autotrophs), and fungi-like slime molds. Flagella, cilia, or amoeboid motion. |
| Examples of algae. | Diatoms (single-celled w/intricate silica shells), dinoflagellates w/flagella, brown algae, giant kelp (considered plants by some), and green algae (likely ancestor of plants). |
| term for feeding off dead material. | Saprophytic |
| Involves the secretion of enzymes that digest material in an extracellular environment, followed by cells absorbing the digested material. | Absorptive nutrition.. |
| Cell wall composition of fungi. | Chitin. |
| Long, slender filaments of fungi. | Hyphae. |
| The first vascular plants and their structure. When did they colonize land? | Tracheophytes included ferns and horsetails. They did not produce seeds. They had cells called tracheids that form tubes that enable the movement of fluid in the plant tissue. |
| Plant tissue. | Xylem. |
| What is a seed? | A young sporophyte that becomes dormant early in development. |
| Big innovation in plant evolution after the vascular system and then the seed. | Flower. |
| Flowering plant. | Angiosperm. |
| Multicellular heterotrophs | Animals. |
| Body of an animal organized in a circular shape radiating outward. | Radial symmetry. |
| Body plan with a right and left side of mirror images. | Bilateral symmetry. |
| Characteristics of phylum chordata. | At some point in development, have stiff, solid dorsal rod (notochord), paired gill slits, hollow dorsal nerve cords, tails, and ventral hearts. |
| Characteristics of subphylum vertebrates. | Notochord develops into vertebral column, bony and cartilaginous endoskeleton, chambered hearts, and more complex nervous system. |
| Vertebrate internal organs contained in a ______. | Coelomic body cavity. |
| First vertebrates. | Filter-feeding organisms that evolved into swimming, jawless fishes. |
| Cartilaginous fish class. | Chondrichthyes |
| Bony fish class. | Osteichthyes. |
| Two adaptions important to set the stage for vertebrates to colonize land. Allowed for what? When? | Air sacs and fin lobes. Amphibians. 350 million years ago. |
| What came after amphibians? Next? | Reptiles and then birds. |
| What characterizes mammals? Evolved when? | Hair, sweat glands, mammary glands, and four-chambered hearts. 200 million years ago. |
| When did dinosaurs become extinct? | 65 million years ago. |
| What group of mammals lay eggs? | Monotremes, include duck-billed platypuses) |
| Mammals that give birth after a short time and development finishes in pouch. Mammals that gestate their young to more mature state. | Marsupials and Placental mammals. |
| What characterize primates? | Opposable thumbs and stereoscopic vision. |
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