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Micro/Pathology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pathology | study of diseases |
| Etiology | study of disease causes |
| Pathogenesis | how a disease will develop in time |
| Infection | invasion of the body by pathogenic organisms |
| Disease | when an infection results in a change in the state of health |
| Normal flora | microorganisms that take up permanent residence and yet do not cause any disease |
| Microbial antagonism | normal microbiota can benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms |
| Symbiosis | relationship between the normal microbiota and the host |
| Commensalism | one organism is benefited and the other is unaffected; bacteria that eat skin that is sloughed off |
| Mutualism | both organisms are benefited; E. coli in the large intestine synthesizes vitamins K and B |
| Parasitism | one organism is benefited at the expense of the other; many diseases fit into this |
| Synergism | both organisms must do their work together in order to be successful |
| Pathogenic organisms | cause diseases |
| True pathogens | routinely cause disease |
| Opportunistic pathogens | under healthy conditions no effect, but will when other disease weakens the host |
| Drug fast | antibiotic resistant (MRSA) |
| Symptoms | subjective sick feelings not noticeable to others |
| Signs | objective sick feelings measurable by others |
| Syndrome | group of signs that always accompany a disease |
| Communicable | able to spread from one to another |
| Contagious | easily spread; influenza |
| Non-communicable | not able to be spread to others; tetanus |
| Incidence | fraction of the population who DEVELOP the disease in a time period |
| Prevalence | fraction of the population who HAVE the disease in a time period |
| Sporadic | happens occasionally; anthrax |
| Endemic | constantly present in a population or area; common colds |
| Epidemic | many people in a short time; influenza |
| Pandemic | worldwide problem;or the majority of a population |
| Acute | rapid appearance and lasting short time |
| Chronic | slow appearance and lasts longer |
| Latent | inactive for a period of time and then reactivates; chicken pox to shingles |
| Local infection | located in a small area; boil |
| Systemic infection or generalized infection | spread through the body through blood or lymph system; measles |
| Focal infection | starts in one place and travels elsewhere; teeth to heart |
| Bacteremia | presence of bacteria in the blood |
| Septicemia | bacteria are now growing in the blood |
| Viremia | virus present in the blood |
| Sapremia | saprophytes present in the blood |
| Toxemia | Toxins in the blood |
| Primary infection | Caused by illness |
| Secondary infection | side disease that follow the initial illness |
| Subclinical infection | disease that does not cause any noticeable illness, asymptomatic; |
| Exogenous infections | pathogens from outside the body |
| Endogenous infections | pathogens from within the host |
| Mixed infections | a multiple infection caused by 2 or more microorganisms |
| Terminal infections | those that end in death (or end at the airport) |
| Passive carrier | transmit for less than one year with no sign or symptom |
| Active carriers | share disease while having the same signs and symptoms |
| Convalescent carriers | recovering from clinical form of disease |
| Chronic carriers | carry the disease for longer than 1 year usually with no sign or symptom of the disease |
| Animal source or Zoonoses | diseases that occur primarily in wild and domestic animals and are transmitted to humans Through direct animal contact such as a brush or a bite Or, with contaminated excreta Or, with food or water they have contaminated Or, through the air from hides |
| WHat does a disease need to be able to spread? | a way to move from host to host |
| Physical | person to person by casual touching, kissing and sexual contact that produce STD or sexually transmitted diseases; can also be animal to person contact |
| Droplet | happens when expelled during coughing, sneezing, laughing, talking, spitting |
| Congenital | in the womb through placental transmission or during childbirth while in the birth canal |
| Indirect | airborne or ingestion, contact with an object |
| Fomites | bacteria on inanimate objects as drinking glasses, door knobs, syringes etc. |
| Insect (anthropod) vectors – | mechanical (outside insect), biologically (insect bites) |
| Forensic | deal with the causes of death that have legal and medical significance either civil or criminal; it is an unrestricted action in that everything needed to be done to determine cause and manner of death, whether or not the embalmer likes it |
| Coroner | 21, not a felon, elected to a four year term, often funeral directors, not necessary to be a pathologist |
| Medical Examiners | board certified pathologists that are appointed by the county board and can be fired by that same board |
| Clinical | they treat patients usually in larger institutions; body fluids, secretions and excretions; especially blood and urine |
| Cellular Pathology | Rudolf Virchow is the father of this study |
| Basis | cellular changes during growth is the beginning of disease |
| Gross Path | any observation made with the observation of the eye |
| Microscopic Path | histo-pathology, the need for a microscope to see |
| General Path | changes not specific to a system or to a part |
| Special Path | changes specific to a system or to a part |
| Pathological Anatomy | removal of tissue for study |
| Clinical Pathology | laboratory tests on body fluids and secretions |
| Physiological pathology | regarding the functions of the body |
| Forensic or Medical legal pathology | medical in cooperation with legal issues |
| Biopsies | tissues removed from living or dead bodies to be studied, determined and advice given in consequences |
| Surgical | from living bodies |
| Autopsy | from dead human bodies |
| Forensic | not voluntary, legal authority, determines cause and manner of death for legal reasons |
| Clinical | voluntary and not often done, it confirms the cause of death or poses another cause of death; can be limited to a various part of the body; contributes to medical understanding; can provide some peace of mind to the surviving family |
| Role of FD in autopsy request – | neither discourage nor encourage; can advise it may add a few days to the waiting for funeralization; Confidential information not to be discussed unless with family or medical professionals. |
| Health | sound body, mind and soul; opposite of disease which is an interruption in the harmony of the body, mind and soul; holistic approach |
| Disease | any change in the structure of the function of the body as a result of injury to tissue |
| Fulminating | particularly severe, sudden and often fatal |
| Recurrent | alternating increase and decrease in the disease |
| Intercurrent | another disease occurring simultaneous with others |
| Idiopathic | the kind of disease is not presently known |
| Occupational | as a result of a working environment; why OSHA exists |
| Febrile | disease with a fever |
| Intoxicating | State of being poisoned |
| Suppuration | the process of pus (white blood cells surrounding bacteria) formation |
| Non-suppuration | no process of forming pus |
| Deficiency | disease from a lack of essential dietary ingredients such as vitamins, and minerals |
| Lesions | structural changes produced in the tissues as a result of disease |
| Syndrome | a group of symptoms or signs which usually appear together to indicate a particular disease |
| Diagnosis | the identification of a disease as to its name |
| Prognosis | a prediction of the probable outcome of a disease |
| Remission | a let-up in the severity of the disease with diminish signs, yet still present |
| Sequalae | remote or much later effects of the disease |
| Exacerbation | sudden increase in the severity |
| Complication | unfavorable condition which occurs as a result of having the disease |
| Pathogenesis | the manner in which it develops |
| Iatrogenic | disease caused by a physicians treatment |
| Factors exciting disease | trauma, physical or chemical agents, infectious agents, deficiency, allergens |
| Predisposing factors | age, gender, race, occupation, environment, emotion, economic status, heredity |
| Anomalies | ANything other than normal |
| Aplasia | absence of body part |
| Hypoplasia | underdevelopment of body part |
| Spina bifida | Defect in the walls of the lower spinal column |
| Polydactilism | extra digits |
| Hernia | organ poking therough the wall of a muscle |
| Fistula | abnormal path through the tissue created by your body |
| Cyst | abnormal fluid filled sac |
| Turner's syndrome | 45 chromosomes |
| Amelia | abscence of limb |
| Phocomelia | proximal parts underdeveloped |
| Cleft lip or pallet | failed closure of the lip or pallet |
| Cystic fibrosis | Cells are prevented from releasing chloride resulting in a salt imbalance |
Created by:
Benjaminschmidt66
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