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NSEE5
Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Definition of classical genetics. | The study of patterns and mechanisms in the transmission of inherited traits from one generation to another. |
| Guy that laid the foundation for genetics. | Gregor Mendel, a monk who, in the mid-19th century performed experiments in garden pea plants. |
| Term for mechanism of gamete formation. | Meiosis or sometimes "reductive division." |
| Different versions of the same gene. | Alleles |
| Stage when gametocyte's chromosomes are replicated. | S Phase. |
| Stage when centrioles replicate. | Interphase I |
| Result of first round of gametocyte division. | Meiosis I results in two intermediate daughter cells. |
| Result of the second round of division. | Meiosis II involves the separation of sister chromatids, resulting in 4 genetically distinct haploid gametes. |
| How do the stages of meiosis compare to those of mitosis? | Same 4 stages, but go through them twice resulting in half the number of chromosomes in each cell, since the chromosome replication happens prior, in the S Phase of the cells. |
| What happens in the first stage of meiosis? | Prophase I: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, spindle app. forms, nuclear memb. disappears, and homologous chromosomes come together. |
| Name for homologous chromosomes coming together and intertwining. What process may happen during this that increases the variety of genetic variation? | During synapsis, crossing over or recombination may occur. |
| Pairs of homologous chromosomes called what and why? | Called tetrads because each chromosome made of 2 sister chromatids = 4 chromatids total. |
| Stage of alignment of homologous pairs. Attach to what with what? | Metaphase I: each tetrad attaches to a separate spindle fiber by its kentochore. |
| What happens during the stage in which homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell that account for a fundamental Mendalian law. | In Anaphase I, "disjuction," or the separation of tetrads and the random distribution of chromosomes of male and female origin in daughter cells, providing daughter cells with unique pool of alleles. |
| What happens in the last stage of meiosis I? | Telophase I and cytokinesis, resulting in 2 daughter cells. |
| First stage of Meiosis II. | Prophase II: centrioles migrate to opposite poles and the spindle apparatus forms. |
| Second stage of Meiosis II. | Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up along equatorial plane, centromeres divide,separating the chromosomes into pairs of sister chromatids. |
| Third stage of Meiosis II. | Anaphase II: Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers. |
| Last stage of Meiosis. | Nuclear membrane forms around each new haploid nucleus and cytokinesis results in 4 haploid daughter cells per original gametocyte. |
| What happens to 4 haploid daughter cells? | Only 1 becomes functional gamete. |
| Who linked the Mendelian principles of genetics to the chromosome theory? When? With what test subject? Why good? | Thomas H. Morgan in the early 1900s studies fruit flies which have large, recognizable, and few chromosomes. |
| What part of DNA is responsible for observed traits? | Genes |
| eukaryote | Organism with genetic material containing cells. |
| Where are genes found? | In large, linear chromosomes made of a DNA helix, in a specific location on that chromosome. |
| How many different chromosomes does a human have? | 23 |
| Genetic composition/types of alleles of an organism called___. | Genotype. |
| Appearance and physical expression of genes in an organism called _____. | Phenotype |
| 2 types of alleles. | Dominant and recessive. |
| Term for individual with 2 identical alleles. What if alleles of gene are different? | Homozygous versus heterozygous individual. |
| What makes something a pure-breed? | Pure-breeds are homozygous for the same allele. |
| Tool used to predict phenotypes. | Punnett Square |
| 2 fundamental rules of Mendelian genetics | Laws of Segregation (if 2 alleles per individual that determine a trait, these will separate during gamete formation and act independently). Law of Independent Assortment (genes on separate chromosomes will act independently during test crosses.) |
| Phenomenon in which alleles fail to assort independently because they are on the same chromosome. | Linkage. |
| Family tree depicting the inheritance of a particular genetic trait over generations. | Pedigree |
| Disorders that can come from grandparents and skip generations. | Recessive disorder. |
| Disorder expressed only by males and transmitted by heterozygous female carriers. How does this work. | Sex-linked disorders. Trait is on X chromosome, not Y, which comes from mother in males. |
| Examples that defy Mendalian inheritance patterns. | Codominance, incomplete dominance, and being two genders at once. |
| Blending of effects of contrasting alleles. | Incomplete dominance. |
| Both alleles fully expressed. | Codominance. |
| Chromosomes that determine most of an organism's body characteristics. | Autosomes. |
| Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism. | Sex chromosomes. |
| Mutations that only affect the individual involved. | Somatic cell mutations. |
| Event in which a piece of a chromosome breaks off and rejoins a different chromosome. | Translocation. |
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