Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
DIT 2009 WK 2
Q&A from DIT emailed questions WK 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Study that “looks back” comparing with vs w/o disease, answers: what happened | Case-control |
| Study that measures Odds Ratio | Case-control |
| Study that “looks forward” analyzes risk factor to see if it increases the chance of disease, answers: what will happen | Cohort |
| Study that measures Relative Risk | Cohort |
| Study that “looks at right now” assesses frequency of disease (and related risk factors) at given point of time, answers: what is happening | Cross-sectional |
| Study that measures Disease prevalence | Cross-sectional |
| Three days ago you hospitalized a 40-year-old male for myocardial infarction. He has been given all of the usual medications. Today you notice that his platelet count is 30,000. What do you suspect is the cause of his low platelets? | Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) |
| Treatment for Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia | Lepirudin, Bivalirudin, Argatroban - all “hirudin” derivatives; directly inhibit thrombin active site |
| Etiologies of Cushing's Syndrome | Increased cortisol due to: *Pituitary adenoma (Cushing’s disease): ACTH increased *Adrenal hyperplasia/neoplasia: ACTH decreased *Ectopic ACTH production (Small cell of lung): ACTH increased *Iatrogenic (chronic steroid use): ACTH decreased (MCC) |
| Findings in Cushing's Syndrome | Hypertension, weight gain, moon facies, truncal obesity, buffalo hump, hyperglycemia (insulin resistance), skin changes (thinning, striae), osteoporosis, amenorrhea, and immune suppresion |
| Virus is responsible for croup in children | Parainfluenza |
| Virus is responsible for the common cold (2) | Rhinovirus and Coronavirus |
| Virus is responsible for fatal diarrhea in children | Rotavirus |
| Virus is responsible for bronchiolitis in infants (especially if premature) | RSV |
| How many half-lives does it take for a drug infused at a constant rate to reach 94% of steady state? | 4 half-lives |
| What variables determine the half-life of a drug? | t1/2 = (0.7 x Vd)/CL *Vd = volume of distribution: relates the amount of drug in the body to the plasma concentration *CL = clearance: relates the rate of elimination to the plasma concentration |
| What structures of the inner ear are responsible for the sensation of linear and angular acceleration? | *Utricle and saccule contain Macule which detects linear acceleration *Semicircular canals contain Ampulle which detects angular acceleration |
| What is the basic equation for cardiac output? | CO = Stroke Vol. X Heart Rate |
| What is the Fick principle? | CO = _____rate of O2 consumption________ Arterial O2 content – Venous O2 content |
| What factors affect stroke volume? | SV = CO/HR = End Diastolic Vol. – End Systolic Vol. Pulse pressure (systolic – diastolic) is proportional to SV |
| What are the two most common causes of chronic renal failure? | MCC of CRF: Hypertension and diabetes |
| What is the most common cause of Erb-Duchenne palsy? | Traction or tear of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus (C5 – C6 roots) -- MCC Blow to shoulder or trauma during delivery |
| What are the characteristic findings of Erb-Duchenne palsy? | Limb hangs by side (paralysis of abductors, medially rotated (paralysis of lateral rotators), forearm is pronated (loss of biceps). “Waiter’s tip” |
| What are the signs and symptoms of poliomyelitis? | Malaise, headache, fever, nausea, abdominal pain, sore throat. Signs of LMN lesions – muscle weakness and atrophy, fasciculations, fibrillation, and hyporeflexia |
| If you suspected polio in a pt of yours, where would you seek to obtain a viral sample from the pt? | Stool or throat |
| CSF findings in poliomyelitis | Lymphocytic pleocytosis with slight elevation of protein (with no change in CSF glucose) |
| What are the 3 different eukaryotic RNA polymerases? | RNA polymerase I, II, & III |
| Type of RNA made by RNA polymerase I | rRNA (greatest activity in nucleus) |
| Type of RNA made by RNA polymerase II | mRNA (blocked by alpha-amanitin, found in death cap mushrooms) |
| Type of RNA made by RNA polymerase III | tRNA (smallest, cloverleaf form, anticodon end is opposite 3’ aminoacyl end. Have CCA at 3’ end along w/ high % of chemically modified bases. Tetracyclines bind 30S subunit, preventing attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA) |
| How many umbilical vessels are there? | 3: 2 arteries, 1 vein |
| Which umbilical vessel has the highest oxygen content? | Vein: supplies oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus |
| What are Brunner’s glands? | Glands that secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize acid contents entering the duodenum from the stomach |
| What are Peyer’s patches? | Unencapsulated lymphoid tissue found in lamina propria and submucosa of small intestine |
| Where are Brunner's glands located? | Located in the duodenal submucosa and are the only GI submucosal glands |
| Pathology in which there may be hypertrophy of Brunner's glands? | Peptic ulcer disease |
| What is the rate-limiting enzyme for ketone synthesis | HMG-CoA synthase |
| What is the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis | HMG-CoA reductase |
| What is the classic triad of symptoms in multiple sclerosis? | Charcot's triad (SIN): Scanning speech, Intention tremor, Nystagmus |
| With what disorders do pts with multiple sclerosis commonly present? | Optic neuritis (sudden loss of vision), MLE syndrome (internuclear ophthalmoplegia), hemiparesis, hemisensory symptoms, or bladder/bowel incontinence |
| Which penicillin is often the DOC for Enterococcus sp | Aminopenicillins (+clavulanic acid) |
| Which penicillin is effective against Pseudomonas sp | Ticarcillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin |
| Which penicillin is good for otitis media b/c it covers Strep. pneumo and H. influenza | Amoxicillin |
| Which penicillin is a/w interstitial nephritis | methicillin, nafcillin, dicloxacillin |
| Which penicillin is a/w rash (especially in pt's w/ mononucleosis) | aminopenicillins |
| Which are the aminopenicillins | Ampicillin and Amoxicillin |
| Class of drugs used in the treatment of ADHD, narcolepsy, and obesity | Indirect sympathomimetics - amphetamine |
| Definition of 1st-degree heart block | PR interval being prolonged (>200 msec). Usually asymptomatic |
| Classic presentation of pt w/ gonococcal arthritis | Septic, infectious arthritis presenting as a monoarticular, migratory arthritis with an asymmetrical pattern. The affected joint is swollen, red, and painful |
| What is malingering disorder? | patient consciously fakes or claims to have a disorder in order to attain a specific gain, avoids treatment by medical personnel (Conscious motivation) |
| What is factitious disorder? | patient consciously fakes or claims to have a disorder in order to attain a specific gain, avoids treatment by medical personnel (Conscious motivation) |
Created by:
snezya24
Popular USMLE sets