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Temme Vocabulary
Quiz 2
| WORD | DEFINITION | CHAPTER |
|---|---|---|
| Ion | An atomic arrangement that has an unequal number of protons and electrons, therfore bearing a charge. (Protons are positive and electrons are negative.) | Some Chemistry |
| Electrical Affinity | the PULLING force that an atom has on another atom's electrons... | Some Chemistry |
| Polar | an arrangement where an equal number of opposite charges is distributed unequally, resulting in two counterbalancing regions: one positive and one negative. | Some Chemistry |
| Chemical Reaction | when the arrangement of atoms in molecules emerging froma collision is different than the arrangement entering the collision. | Some Chemistry |
| Activation Energy | the speed with which certain molecules must collide before they undergo a chemical reaction | Some Chemistry |
| Reduction | an increase in the number of electrons in close association with an atom | Some Chemistry |
| Monomer | a generic name given to small molecules that can be linked together to form large molecules | Some Chemistry |
| Polymer | a generic name given to any molecule formed by linking together many small molecules | Some Chemistry |
| Primary structure | a protein's specific sequence of linked amino acids | Proteins |
| Tertiary Structure | the aspects of a protein's 3D shape determined by interactions among the variable groups in the same structure... with each other and the surrounding water medium! | Proteins |
| Enzyme | any protein that acts as a catalyst to a specific chemical reaction. | Proteins |
| Permease | any protein that aides in the movement of a specific type of molecule across a cell membrane. | Proteins |
| DNA Polymerase | the enzyme that, in association with an existing single-sided DNA molecule being used as a template to position different deoxyribonucleotides, catalyzes the linking of one deoxyribonucleotide to another. (Forming DNA!) | Proteins and Nucleic Acids |
| RNA Polymerase | the enzyme that, in association with DNA molecule being used as a template to position different ribonucleotides, catalyzes the linking of one ribonucleotide to another. (Forming RNA!) | Proteins and Nucleic Acids |
| Gene | any segment of a DNA molecule that is being transcribed... | Proteins and Nucleic Acids |
| Promoter | a segment of two-side DNA molecule that - due to its sequence - has the right shape for RNA polymerase to bind to and then initiate transcription. (Designates the start of genes!) | Proteins and Nucleic Acids |
| Protein Gene | any segment of DNA that codes for a functional protein. (The protein recipe!) | Proteins and Nucleic Acids |
| mRNA | MESSENGER RNA. The generic name given to the RNA molecule that results from the transcription of a protein gene. (Working copy of the protein recipe.) | Proteins and Nucleic Acids |
| Genetic Regulation | the turning on or off of transcription of any gene with in a genome. | Proteins and Nucleic Acids |
| Regulatory Protein | the generic name given to any protein that can bind to DNA and influence RNA polymerase's ability to bind to a gene's promoter! | Proteins and Nucleic Acids |
| tRNA Gene | any segment of of DNA that codes for functional RNA | Proteins and Nucleic Acids |
| Deletion Mutation | change in a cell's DNA sequence due to the LOSS of one or more deoxyribonucleotides. | Proteins and Nucleic Acids |
| Concentration Gradient | a change in concentration across distance. | Containers |
| Simple Diffusion | net directional movement of some type of molecule across a membrane, where movement is powered by the presence of a concentration gradient (high to low), crossing simply because the MEMBRANE IS PERMEABLE to this type of molecule. | Containers |
| Facilitated diffusion | net directional movement of some type of molecule across a membrane, where movement is powered by the presence of a concentration gradient (high to low), crossing WITH THE AIDE OF A CHANNEL PROTEIN OR PERMEASE. | Containers |
| Active Transport | net directional movement of some type of molecule across a membrane, where movement goes AGAINST a concentration gradient, powered by some usable energy source supplied by the cell... crosing WITH THE AID OF of a permease. | Containers |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of solvent (water) molecules toward regions of higher osmotic concentration. (And, therefore, lower water concentration.) | Containers |
| Metabolic Pathway | A step-wise series of chemical reactions (outputs of on become inputs of the next), where each reaction is facilitated by a different enzyme. | Metabolic Performance |
| Biosynthesis | The use of metabolic pathways to rearrange atoms in molecules available to the cell into biologically useful molecules. | Metabolic Performance |
| Nitrogen Fixation | The process by which molecular nitrogen (N2) is reduced to form ammonia (NH3 or NH4+) | Metabolic Performance |
| Autotroph | A cell able to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) to a 3 carbon sugar (glyceraldehyde). These cells are able to perform the Calvin-Benson cycle! | Metabolic Performance |
| Heterotroph | a cell unable to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) to a 3 carbon sugar and must therefore get their needed supply of simple sugars from autotrophic cells... via barter or theft. | Metabolic Performance |
| Essential Nutrient | Any nutrient that must be included in an organisms diet if normal function is to continue. | Metabolic Performance |
| Allosteric Modulation | Whenever a protein's function is controlled by ligand-inducedshape changes. (Turning the enzyme on and off...) | Metabolic Performance |
| Energy Metabolism | How cells use an external usable nergy source (such as light or a hi-energy molecule) to make the two needed cellular fuels: ATP and NADPH | Energy Metabolism |
| Higher Redox Potential | a molecule (base group) that, incomparison to another molecule, does not hold onto electrons as tightly. This molecule will more readily donate electrons than accept them. | Energy Metabolism |
| Higher Phosphorylation Potential | a molecule (base group) that, incomparison to another molecule, does not hold onto certain phosphates as tightly. This molecule will more readily donate phosphates than accept them. | Energy Metabolism |
| NADPH | the reduced form of NADP+ (NAD+ with an extra phosphate). It is used as a hydrogen donor whenever hydrogens are added onto other molecules during biosynthesis. | Energy Metabolism |
| ATP | an activated ribonucleotide with a phosphate tranfer group and relatively high phosphorylation potential, The directional transfer of phosphates is used to POWER many activities within a cell. | Energy Metabolism |
| NADH | the reduced form of NAD+ that is used in respiring cells. It is the intital donor to an electron transport chain. | Different Themes in Energy Metabolism |
| Point Mutation | change in a cell's DNA sequence due to the SUBSTITUTION of one or more deoxyribonucleotides. | Nucle |
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thedrewid314
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