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Biology Honors Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a hypothesis? | logical explanation to a scientific problem that hasn't been tested |
| What is a theory? | A statement or scientific idea backed up by evidence |
| What is the organization of life? | atom, molecule, biomolecule,organelle, cell,tissue,organ,organ system, multicellular organism, individual, population, community,ecosystem, biosphere |
| What is a prokaryote? A eukaryote? | single-celled organism; multi-cellular organism |
| What does organic mean? | containing carbon |
| What are the 6 characteristics of life? | respond to stimulus, grows and develops, needs energy/makes waste, has dna, cellular,reproduces |
| What are the steps in the scientific method? | observe/form a question, research, hypothesis, experiment/collect data, conclusion, repeat work, theories and laws formed after enough trials |
| What are the 6 keys to a valid experiment? | make sure the hypothesis fits the experiment, control being used, make sure other items are controlled, only 1 variable being tested, all data is recorded/analyzed, experiment and results are repeatable |
| What is the independent variable and what depends on it? | The variable that doesn't change; the dependent variable |
| What is a control group? | duplicate setup of experiment that is identical to the experimental group except for the variable being tested |
| What are constants? Data? | things kept the same for both groups; information obtained from the experiments |
| What the difference between deductive and inductive? | Deductive is based on factual evidence, while inductive is based on logical reasoning |
| What is matter? Energy? | Matter is anything that takes up space while energy is the ability to do work or what powers matter? |
| What is the first law of Thermodynamics? The second? | Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted.; Energy cannot be converted at 100% efficiency |
| What is the conservation of matter law? | We can account for all atoms on both sides of the equation? |
| Name the functional groups for the following Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic Acid Protein | OH C=O-OH P NH2 |
| What are the monomers of Proteins | amino acids bonded by peptides |
| What are the monomers of Lipids | 3 fatty acids and a glycerol |
| How do you get a sterol? A phospholipid? | a circular lipid; remove a fatty acids and add a phosphate |
| what are the monomers of carbohydrates? | saccharides |
| What are the monomers of nucleic acids? What makes up these monomers? | nucelotides; a phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base |
| What are the nitrogenous bases? | Uracil, cytosine, thymine, guanine, adenine |
| What nitrogenous bases bond together? | Adenine and Thymine; Cytosine and Guanine |
| What is hydrolysis? | Breaking down of a large molecule and in the process of cleavage, H and OH are released |
| What is condensation reaction? | bonding 2 smaller molecules together releasing water in the bonding process |
| Why doesn't Ne need to bond? | It is a noble gas, already has a full valence |
| What are the two types of covalent bonds? | Polar covalent (water) and regular covalent (any other covalent bond) |
| What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond? | ionic-transferring electrons covalent-sharing electrons |
| Name each water property and what it is. | polarity...cohesion...adhesion...high specific heat....universal solvent...lessdense as solid than liquid... |
| Which transport requires energy? | active |
| What transport goes from high to low? | passive |
| If its hypotonic, it is also: | hyper-osmotic |
| isotonic/ | iso-osmotic |
| hypertonic/ | hypo-osmotic |
| What is an enzyme? | a biological catalyst used to start/speed up reactions |
| What is the lock and key? | A nonreactive molecule blocks the active site of the enzyme so that the substrate cannot enter the active site until there is a sufficient amount of substrate before the enzyme converts it into a product |
| What is denaturation? | The disruption of an enzyme's shape/breakage of weak bonds |
| What causes denaturatioN? | pH, temperature |
| What is the different between plant and animal cells | Plants are rectangular, have plastids, tonoplast, a cell wall, a larger vacuole, don't use centrioles, while animals have centrioles and a nucelolous |
| What is a nucleus? | The brain of the cell, keeps RNA from damaging |
| Nucleolous? | where proteins and RNa are assembled/ stored |
| Smooth/Rough ER? | operates as a transport system. Smooth-no ribosomes; Rough-has ribosomes |
| Chloroplast | Food producers of the plant, contain chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis. Where photosynthesis occurs |
| Microfilaments | small component of cytoskeleton |
| Microtubules | large component of cytoskeleton |
| What is the function of microfilaments and microtubules? | used for cell motion, shape, and growth |
| mitochondria | powerhouse in the cell, provides energy |
| centrioles | used in mitosis for animal cells only |
| golgi body | assembles/packages lipids and polypeptide chains for use in the cell |
| lysosome | vesicle filled with enzymes, used for intracellular digestion |
| vacuole | stores waste, water, and starches |
| nuclear envelope | outer boundary of nucleus |
| Nuclear pore | hole in the nucelus, lets things in and out |
| cytoplasm | all cell parts, jelly like substances |
| What is the phosphate head? | hydrophilic, used to lure water in |
| What is the lipid tail? | hydrophobic, keeps water from staying in the lipid layer |
| antenna | used for spacing to tell the cell when its getting to large |
| Transport protein | helps move large materials throughout cell |
| adhesion protein | puts cells together to make tissues, organs, etc |
| communication protein | used for near cells to send signals to each other |
| receptor proteins | dock for signals for far away cells to communicate |
| Recognition protein | helps to identify cell as "self" or "nonself" |
| What is the cell theory? | 1) all living things are cellular, 2) cells are smallest functioning unit in all living things 3) cells come from pre-existing cells |
| What did Schwann do? | put to concept that all living things are cellular |
| Virchow did what? | Discovered that cells come from other cells |
| Van Leewenhoek did what? | was the first too observe living cells |
| What is the cell cycle? | life of a cell |
| What equation is this? C6H12O6 + ATP +ADP+ P + NAD -> NADH + 2 PYRUVATES + ATP + ADP + P | GLYCOLYSIS |
| pyruvate + NAD + ADP+P -> CO2 + NADH + ATP? | Citric Acid Cycle |
| raw materials for ATP + O2 +NADH --> ATP+H2O+ NAD+heat | ETC |
| H2O +NADP+ADP+P--> NADPH+02+ATP | Light Reactions |
| NADPH +CO2+ATP--> C6H1206 +NADP+ADP+P | calvin cycle |
| 6CO2 +6H2O+ATP -->C6H1206 +6O2 | General Photosynthesis |
| C6H1206 +6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O+ ATP + HEAT | General Cellular Respiration |
| What processes require oxygen? | ETC and Citric Acid Cycle |
| What is catabolic/anabolic? | breaking down, building up |
| What are the differences between RNA and DNA? | Rna is in the nuceolous while DNa is in the nucelus, Rna is single stranded while Dna is double stranded, Rna 's sugar is ribose and Dna's sugar is deoxyribose, Rna's bases are A, U, C, G and DNA bases are A, T, C, G |
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