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ZOOL 320 - CH 20
Biology of Birds
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| example of altricial young | tree swallow |
| example of precocial young | snowy plover |
| eyes open, covered with feathers or down, leave nest after one or two days. | precocial |
| eyes closed, little or no down, unable to leave nest, fed by parents: passerines | altricial |
| covered with down, unable to leave nest, fed by parents | semialtricial |
| eyes open, covered with down, able to walk but remain at nest are fed by parents: gulls, terns | semiprecocial |
| Greater amount of yolk in eggs, yolk remaining at hatching, size of eyes and brain, and development of muscles | precocial |
| greater size of gut and rate of growth after hatching | altricial |
| characteristics of siblicidal birds: | competition for food food provisioned in small packets weaponry competitive disparities spatial confinement |
| occurs when there is potential for uneven consumption of parental resources. | sibling competition |
| killing a brother or a sister may be a common adaptive strategy among nestling birds, benefiting both the surviving offspring and the parents. | avian sublicide |
| In Spring the birds orient toward the | North |
| In Autumn the birds orient toward the | South |
| migratory restlessness | zugunruhe |
| Migrating birds orient by | postion of Sun polarized light Earth's magnetic field infrasound |
| How songs influence male bird. | identifies their species, sex, and occupancy of a territory. |
| usually the longest and most complex vocalization produced by a bird | song |
| short, simple, stereotyped bird songs | territorial songs |
| long, complex, variable bird songs | sexual songs |
| birds are unique among sauropsids in having | one-way flow of air through the lungs |
| avian air sac system: | infraorbital sinus clavicular air sac axillary diverticulum into humerus sternal diverticulum cervical air sac cranial thoracic air sac caudal thoracic air sac abdominal air sac lung(only left side is shown) |
| leads to abdominal air sac | mesobronchus |
| dorsobronchus and ventrobronchus are connected by this within lungs | parabronchus |
| Air route is from bronchus to mesobronchus to abdominal air sac to | dorsobronchus through parabronchi to ventrobronchus |
| breath of air stays in system for two complete cycles. new breath occurs with each inspiration. results in continuous one-way flow of air through the lungs | two-cycle ventilation in birds |
| into lungs during ( ) out of lungs during ( ) | expiration inspiration |
| occurs in each air capillary because gases in air capillary continuously encounter new supply of deoxygenated blood | countercurrent |
| occurs because there is less oxygen in the distal air capillaries | cross current |
| produced by ventral movement of sternum by contraction of intercostal muscles, and pulling up of ilium by contraction of longissimus dorsi | inspiration |
| produced by relaxation of intercostal muscles, contraction of suprapubic and infrapubic abdominal muscles which pull the pelvis and tail downward | expiration |
| furcula and coracoid spread and restore during | wingbeat |
| sternum moves up and down during | wingbeat |
| furcula spreads to inflate clavicular air sac, sternum elevates to compress posterior air sacs (anterior air sacs expanded, posterior collapsed) | wing depressed |
| furcula collapses medially and sternum descends (posterior air sacs expanded, anterior collapsed) | upstroke |
| Anatomic dead air space is that in which air is only pumped back and forth, about 30% in humans. Birds have about this amount | much less |
Created by:
dominatrix
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