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Biology Vocab
Semester 1 Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| AIDS | STD that slowly destroys the body's immune system |
| data | information gained through observation |
| theory | explains current observations and predicts new observations |
| hypotheses | explanations that are testable through experimentation or observation |
| Lamarck | proposed theory of evolution where animals used certain body parts more so they gained strength and others disappeared because of disuse. Adaptations were passed to offspring. |
| uniformitarianism | natural forces existing in the past exist today |
| Darwin | proposed theory of evolution using natural selection |
| natural selection | survival and reproduction of organisms that are best suited to their environment. Physical of behavioral characteristics enable them to survive and produce more offspring than others |
| species | a group of similar organisms that naturally reproduce with one another |
| adaptations | characteristics that increase the chances that an organism will survive and reproduce in its environment |
| variations | small differences in species |
| descent with modification | related organisms share a common ancestor |
| organisms | living things composed of chemicals |
| molecule | the smallest possible units into which water can be broken down and still have the characteristics of a substance |
| elements | substances that can't be broken down chemically into simpler substances |
| atoms | smallest unit of an element that has the characteristics of the element |
| subatomic particles | smaller units of atoms (protons, neutrons, electrons) |
| electron | particle with negative charge |
| proton | particle with positive charge |
| neutron | particle with no charge |
| electron shells | electrons are held in cloud based on different energy levels |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element that differ in number of neutrons |
| chemical bonds | attraction, sharing, or transfer of outer shell electrons |
| chemical reaction | making and breaking of chemical bonds |
| cells | basic units of life |
| law of conservation of matter | matter is neither created nor destroyed |
| activation energy | energy needed to get a chemical reaction started |
| ion | atom or molecule that has acquired a positive or negative charge because of gain or loss in electrons |
| ionic bond | attraction between oppositely charged ions |
| covalent bond | two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| hydrogen bond | a weak bond formed by slightly positive molecules attracted to slightly negative molecules |
| pH scale | range of numbers to test the level of H+ and OH- ions in a solution |
| acidic | more H+ than OH- |
| basic | more OH- than H+ |
| organic compounds | compounds that contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous. |
| macromolecules | large complex molecules that form in long chains from carbon atoms |
| carbohydrates | contain carbon and hydrogen and oxygen in the same 2:1 ratio as water |
| monosaccharides | simplest carbs that are single sugars and may contain three to seven carbon atoms in their carbon skeletons |
| disaccharide | a double sugar from two monosaccharides |
| polysaccharides | several glucose molecules bonded to form complex carbohydrates |
| lipids | fats or oils |
| proteins | structural components of cells and messengers and receivers of messages between cells |
| amino acids | molecules that form proteins made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; two contain sulfur |
| peptide bonds | covalent bonds between amino acids |
| polypeptide | chain of amino acids formed from multiple peptide bonds |
| primary structure | sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide |
| secondary structure | folds in the protein to form local structures |
| tertiary structure | complex folding of polypeptide chains to form globular or spherical shapes |
| hydrophobicity | tendency for nonpolar amino acids to avoid water controls how a protein folds |
| quaternary structure | when two or more tertiary structures combine |
| nucleic acids | macromolecules that dictate amino acids sequences of proteins |
| nucleotides | simple units that form long chains to ake up nucleic acids |
| RNA | nucleotides that contain ribose |
| DNA | nucleotides that contain deoxyribose |
| James Watson, Rosalind Franklin, Francis Crick | proposed model of structure of DNA |
| genes | units of genetic information |
| chemical energy | energy available to do work or cause change |
| free energy | chemical energy available to do work |
| nutrients | raw materials |
| heterotrophs | organisms that obtain energy from other organisms |
| autotrophs | organisms that obtain energy from nonliving sources |
| photosythesis | the process of converting energy from the sun and using it to synthesize organic compounds with carbon dioxide and water |
| photoautotrophs | organisms that use photosynthesis |
| chemosythesis | autotrophs that obtain free energy from inorganic compounds |
| cell respiration | chemical reactions that release the free energy of organic compounds |
| producers | autotrophs that produce food for other organisms |
| consumers | heterotrophs that consume organisms for food |
| decomposers | heterotrophs that break down and use dead plants and animals for food |
| food web | formed from producers, consumers, and decomposers |
| abiotic | nonliving |
| biotic | living |
| ecosystem | biotic and abiotic components of a particular place |
| habitats | places where particular organisms live |
| biosphere | a combination of many ecosystem |
| first law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can change form |
| law of conservation of energy | the total energy of the universe is constant |
| second law of thermodynamics | systems tend to change in a way that increases entropy |
| entropy | disorder |
| enzymes | specialized proteins that lower the activation energy required to make a reaction proceed |
| catalysts | chemicals that lower activation energies |
| active site | small area of tertiary structure |
| substrate | starting molecule that fits into the active site of the enzyme |
| metabolism | all chemical activities and changes that take place in a cell or organism |
| synthesis | building-up reactions |
| decomposition | breaking down reactions |
| oxidation | removal of electrons from a molecule |
| ATP | chemical form of free energy from oxidation |
| ADP | forms when ATP gives up a phosphate group |
| digestion | processes that break down food |
| extracellular digestion | digestion that takes place outside the cells |
| intracellular digestion | plant digestion that takes place inside the cells with food the plant has made itself |
| ingestion | process of taking food into the digestive tract |
| saliva | watery secretion containing digestive enzymes that begin chemical digestion |
| epiglottis | trap-door like tissue that normally prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea |
| peristalsis | wavelike contractions of the muscles of the esophagus the move food to the stomach |
| gastrin | hormone released into the bloodstream as food enters the stomach |
| pepsin | active protein-digesting enzyme |
| pepsinogen | inactive form of pepsin |
| trypsin | intestinal enzyme that breaks peptide bonds, producing amino acids from polypeptides |
| lipase | fat digesting enzyme |
| villi | finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area of the intestine |
| capillaries | tiny thin-walled blood vessels |
| cytoplasm | cells interior |
| transport proteins | special proteins that help necessary molecules enter and leave the cell |
| selectively permeable | membranes regulate what passes through so they are ______________ |
| glycoproteins | proteins embedded in membranes with sugars attached to them |
| glycolipids | lipids embedded in membranes with sugars attached to them |
| diffusion | movement of molecules form an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| concentration gradient | exists when there is a difference in concentration of molecules across a distance |
| osmosis | movement of water down its concentration gradient |
| turgor | outward pressure of a cell against its cell wall |
| passive transport | diffusion that doesn't require any input of energy |
| active transport | takes energy to move substances against their concentration gradients |
| facilitated diffusion | molecules move down their concentration with the help of transport proteins |
| endocytosis | moves particles into cells |
| exocytosis | moves particles out of cells |
| alveoli | microscopic cavities of the lungs that are surrounded by capillaries |
| cuticle | water-repellent covering on the surface of a leaf |
| stomates | openings on the surface of a leaf |
| transpiration | loss of water through the opening of the stomates |
| homeostasis | maintains balance of nutrients and waste in the blood |
| ammonia | highly toxic substance that can be secreted as directly through cell membranes, urea, and uric acid |
| nephrons | excretory tubules of humans |
| kidneys | organs that process the wastes of metabolism |
| urinary system | composed of the kidneys, blood vessels that serve them, and the plumbing that carries fluid away from the body |
| urine | waste fluid |
| ureter | tube urine leaves the kidneys |
| urinary bladder | holding place for urine |
| urethra | tube connecting the bladder to the outside environment |
| glomerular capsule | cup of the nephron |
| glomerulus | ball of capillaries within the cup |
| aldosterone | hormone excreted by the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium levels in the blood |
| feedback regulation | process in which substances inhibit their own formation to maintain balance and stability |
| antidiuretic hormone | hormone that regulates the levels of water in the blood |
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