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Final Exam 2410
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| smallest known cell | mycoplasma |
| morphology of mycoplasma | pleomorphic |
| found in mycoplasma membrane; needed for growth | sterol |
| "fried egg colonies" associated with this organism | mycoplasma |
| unique feature of mycoplasma structure | no cell wall |
| why is mycoplasma resistant to penicillin, cephalosporin, and vancomycin? | because those agents attack cell walls and mycoplasma doesn't have one. |
| mycoplasma diseases | Nongonococcal urethritis (VD) and pneumonia |
| target age of mycoplasma-caused pneumonia | 5-15 years |
| Can you develop immunity to mycoplasma? | Yes |
| morphology of Rickettsia | Gram (-), obligate intracellular parasite |
| stains associated with Rickettsia and Chlamydia | Giemsa's and Macchiavello's |
| where does Rickettsia attack? | in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of blood vessels |
| 3 groups of Ricksettia | Typhus Spotted fever Scrub typhus |
| Rickettsia enters the host cell by what mechanism? | phagocytosis |
| Difference between epidemic typhus and endemic typhus? | epidemic typhus is transmitted by human louse and endemic typhus is transmitted by fleas from rats. |
| what organism is responsible for epidemic typhus? | Rickettsia prowazekii |
| what organism is responsible for endemic typhus? | Rickettsia typhi |
| most lethal Rickettsia disease | spotted fever (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) |
| organism that causes RMSF | Rickettsia Rickettsii |
| Two diseases of the typhus group of Rickettsia | epidemic typhus and endemic typhus |
| Two diseases of the spotted fever group of Rickettsia | RMSF and Rickettsia Pox |
| What organism causes Rickettsia Pox | Rickettsia akari |
| unique symptom of Rickettsia Pox | photophobia |
| How is Rickettsia Pox transmitted? | Mites |
| what organism causes scrub typhus | Rickettsia tsutsugamushi |
| symptoms of scrub typhus | black eschar, lymphadenopathy (swelling of lymph nodes), and lymphocytosis (migration of WBCs to area) |
| organism that causes Q fever | Coxiella burnettii |
| two diseases associated with Q fever | hepatitis encephalopathy |
| Q fever associated with this job/place | slaughter house workers |
| what organism causes trench fever | Rochalimaea quintana |
| Trench fever associated with this population | European wars / military |
| Weil-Felix reaction | phenomenon whereby ppl. who make abys against Rickettsia will also bind to some proteus (which is easy and cheap to grow) |
| What is unique about trench fever culture? | It can grow on agar (unlike any other Rickettsia-type organisms). |
| relapse of old typhus infection in weak or immunosuppressed ppl. | Brill's disease |
| passed from parent to offspring (for example, with arthropods and Rickettsia) | transovarially |
| Characteristics of Chlamydia | found in cytoplasm obligate intracellular parasite steals ATP -- cannot make own |
| Definition and example of Obligate Intracellular Parasite | needs a host cell to live in, similar to a virus. Chlamydia and Rickettsia and viruses. |
| Developmental Life Cycle of Chlamydia | complicated includes EBs, RBs, and inclusions cycle time is 1-2 days |
| EB | elementary body (like a spore): dense, infectious particle that hose cell takes up by phagocytosis; can live long time after dried. |
| RB | reticulate body (initial body): sprouts once inside cell; growing form; bigger than EB; heat and chemical sensitive |
| Inclusion | sac or vacuole with many RBs. Cell dies, pops open and EBs infect other cells. |
| What is unique about Chlamydia's cell structure? | It's cell wall does not contain Peptidoglycan, but it's still penicillin resistant. |
| Staining properties of Chlamydia | EBs: either Giemsa's (purple) or Macchiavello's (red w/ blue cytoplasm -- like Rickettsia) RBs: blue w/ Giemsa's Inclusions: dark purple w/ Giemsa's or brown with Lugol's iodine (because of glycogen) |
| What is unique about Chlamydia's culture? | Does not grown on agar. Grows in egg, tissue, or animals. |
| symptoms not very bad in this disease but spreading germs to others is easy. | Chlamydia |
| unique clinical finding of Chlamydia Psittaci | photophobia |
| Chlamydia Psittaci is found where in the human body | found in respiratory tract from breathing in bird poop particles, then travels to blood, lungs, and finally the spleen, heart, and kidney (enlargement of these organs) |
| Disease the you do NOT treat with Aminoglycosides. | Psittacosis |
| Chlamydia Psittaci causes this disease in birds. | ornithosis |
| Epidemiology of Psittacosis | mostly seen in adults ppl. associated with birds are high-risk |
| Common treatments for Chlamydia | Tetracycline Erythromycin |
| Chlymydia Pneumoniae aka what? | TWAR |
| Chlymydia Pneumoniae pathogenesis | common symptoms -- may not know you have it (1/2 of population has had it) spread through coughing; causes bronchitis, sinusitis, and possible atherosclerosis. |
| Chlamydia Trachomatis causes what three diseases? | Trachoma Nongonococcal Urethritis Lymphogranuloma Venereum |
| A panus is associated with which disease? | Trachoma |
| What is a panus? | formation that takes place in the extension of the limbal vessels into the cornea. |
| Symptoms of Trachoma | acute inflammation of cornea and conjunctiva which leads to scar, ring, and blindness. |
| This organism is the major cause of blindness | Chlamydia Trachomatis |
| How to diagnose Trachoma? | Scraping of scab. |
| Organisms that cause Nongonococcal Urethritis | Chlamydia Trachomatis Mycolplasma |
| Symptoms of Nongonococcal Urethritis | discharge, increased need to urinate |
| Chlamydia VD is also called what? | Nongonococcal Urethritis |
| How to diagnose Nongonococcal Urethritis? | Scraping of urethra, cervix, vagina, eye |
| Secondary infection of Nongonococcal Urethritis | Inclusion conjunctivitis is spread through towels (aka. swimming pool conjunctivitis) from getting the Chlamydia trachomatis on the fingers. *In the newborn, it's from passing through birth canal of mother that has VD. |
| Associated with PID | Nongonococcal Urethritis |
| Nongonococcal Urethritis | Upper class |
| Class of ppl. associated with Gonnorhea | Lower class |
| Symptoms of Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV) | Papules on genitalia, anus, rectum; fever, headache, vomiting Regional lymph nodes swell and break open with a pus or bloody anal discharge. w/o treatment: elephantitis of penis, scrotum, vulva or rectal sigmoid (can't poop) |
| Organism that causes LGV | Chlamydia trachomatis |
| which two Chlamydia diseases are VDs | LGV and Nongonococcal Urethritis |
| Diagnosis of LGV | Frei skin test: intradermal injection of egg-grown LGV 2-3 days |
| Arboviruses | Carried by blood-sucking arthropods |
| What structure to Arboviruses have around their capsule? | Envelope |
| All Arboviruses use this | RNA |
| Treatment for Arboviruses | none |
| Three clinical syndromes of Arboviruses | Fevers with or w/o rash Encephalitis (fatal) Hemorrhagic fever (fatal) |
| Hantavirus vector | Deer mouse |
| How is Hantavirus spread? | breathe in aerosolized urine of deer mouse |
| What kind of virus is Hantavirus? | arbovirus |
| What kind of virus is Hantavirus? | spray mosquitoes |
| Hantavirus disease name | Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: causes edema and heart failure. Death in a few days |
| Ebola virus causes what disease? | Hemorrhagic fever syndrome |
| Huntavirus is what type of arborvirus? | Bunyavirus |
| Ebola virus is what type of arbovirus? | Filovirus |
| 18% of African population has abys w/o symptoms | Ebola virus |
| Animal involved in the transmission of Ebola virus | Monkeys |
| clinical syndromes of Ebola | vomiting, diarrhea, possible rash, hemorrhage of intestine, edema (90% mortality rate) |
| Treatment for Ebola | None, but there is an anti-serum and can use interferon |
| 2 groups of Picornaviruses | Enterovirus and Rhinovirus |
| Characteristics of Picornoviruses | Non-enveloped small, single stranded RNA genome (1 or other, but not both like DNA has) |
| Hosts of Enterovirus group | humans and farm animals |
| a human Enterovirus | Poliovirus |
| nature of Enteroviruses | Alimentary tract: all=transient consume, then go away |
| Disease that Poliovirus causes | Poliomyelitis |
| Three types of Poliomyelitis | Abortive: most famous with recovery Nonparalytic: stiffness, back pain Paralytic: paralysis, crippling |
| How to control Poliovirus | multiple vaccines live polio virus (but can cause crippling) |
| Structure of Hepatitis viruses | DNA virus w/ envelope |
| Which organ does Hepatitis virus affect? | Liver |
| Different Hepatitis virus agents | HAV -- short incubation HBV -- serum or long incubation Hep C, D, etc. -- associated with transfusions |
| Viruses (besides hepatitis virus) that cause Hepatitis | Yellow fever, Q fever, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr, herpes, rubella |
| Clinical illness of hepatitis | inflamed liver, *jaundice*, fever, nausea, vomiting |
| How to catch HAV | contaminated food and water |
| How to catch HBV | inoculation through transfusion, needles, sex |
| number of fungi that cause disease | 100 |
| chronic granulomas | mixtures of all different kinds of cells |
| 2 phases of dimorphic fungi | hyphal (filament) and yeast |
| name the different types of structures of fungi | dimorphic conidia microconidia macroconidia |
| types of conidia fungi | blastospores (found in budding yeast) chlamydospores (develop thick walls) arthrospores (dev. from hyphal frag) |
| sexual spore types | zygospores (fused hyphae) ascospores (cells in sac) basidiospores (4 spores on a basidia) |
| Use this light to diagnose fungi because skin fungus glows in dark | Wood's UV light |
| special medium for fungi | Sabouraud's agar |
| Superficial mycoses | only affect skin surface |
| another name for superficial mycoses | dermatophytes |
| where do superficial mycoses like to grow | hair, skin, nails (keratinized tissue) |
| organisms that cause athlete's foot | Trichophyton rubrum epidermophyton floccosum |
| Tinea pedis | athelete's foot |
| symptoms of athlete's foot | itching, inflammation b/ toes; brittle, yellow nails |
| Tinea corporis | ringworm |
| organisms that cause ringworm | Trichophyton mentagrophytes microsporum audouini |
| symptoms of ring worm | red, itchy pimple gets bigger; center heals then red ring breaks and forms several over body. |
| Tinea capitis | scalp ringworm |
| two types of tinea capitis infections | ectothrix (fungus grows on surface of hair) endothrix (fungus invades hair shaft) |
| kerion | pronounced inflammation of scalp ringworm (tinea capitis) |
| cup-like crusts around hair root during tinea capitis infection | scutula |
| subcutaneous mycoses | fungal infection below the skin usually caused by puncture |
| Name two subcutaneous mycoses | sporothrix schenkii mycetoma |
| what disease is caused by sporothrix schenkii | sporotrichosis |
| Rose gardener's disease | sporotrichosis |
| where does sporothrix live | plants and wood |
| sporothrix schenkii forms _________ along the _________ system? | abscesses lymphatic |
| cigar-shaped, gram (+), long rods | sporothrix schenkii |
| mycetoma usually deforms which body part | foot |
| this disease is associated with granules | mycetoma |
| how to control mycetoma | wear shoes, clean out puncture wounds |
| in mycetoma, __________ and draining sinuses form in ________ and _________. | abscesses bone muscle |
| All ___________ _______________ have 2-phases (dimorphism). | systemic mycoses |
| how do systemic mycoses invade the body | breathing in |
| name 3 systemic mycoses | coccidioides immitis histoplasma capsulatum blastomyces dermatitidis |
| disease that used to get misdiagnosed for TB | coccidioidomycosis |
| coccidioides immitis can be found where | hot and dry places (Southwest U.S., Latin America) |
| what is unique about coccidioides cell cycle | continous repetition: endospore to spherule to endospore |
| True of False: systemic mycoses are communicable | False |
| what system is affected by histoplasma capsulatum | reticuloendothelial system (WBCs) |
| drug used to treat systemic mycoses | amphotericin B |
| how do humans contract histoplasmosis | bird feces and bat guano |
| symptoms of histoplasmosis | usually asymptomatic, but: swelling of lymph nodes, spleen enlargement, ulcers of nose, mouth, intestine |
| how does one acquire blastomycosis | breathe in dust from soil or beaver dams |
| symptoms of blastomycosis | lesions on skin, bones, prostate, epididymus, testes |
| name the four types of mycoses | superficial subcutaneous systemic opportunistic |
| Most common fungal infections | dermatophytes (affect skin, hair, nails) |
| 2nd most common fungal infection | opportunistic |
| 3 diseases transmitted via bird poop | psittacosis, cryptococcus neoformans, and histoplasmosis |
| 2 diseased transmitted via bats | histoplasmosis and rabies |
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whitenlm
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