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CNS final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Protect the Brain? | Skull, meninges, csf, blood-brain barrier |
| Broca's area | can understand language/follow directions, cant articulate or write |
| Left hemisphere contols? | language, math, and logic |
| Wernicke's Aphasia | inability to understand language |
| Function of association areas? | integrate diverse information |
| involved in conscious behavior? | the entire cortex |
| function of commissures? | connect gray matter of the two hemispheres |
| function of association fibers? | connect different parts of the same hemisphere |
| function of projection fibers? (corona radiata) | connect the hemispheres with lower brain or spinal chord |
| lateralization | division of labor between hemispheres |
| cerebral dominance | hemisphere dominant for language (left in 90% of people) |
| right hemisphere controls? | insight, visual-spatial skills, intuition, and artistic skills |
| diencephalon encloses what ventricle? | third |
| function of the thalamus? | gateway to cerebral cortex, sorts, edits, and relays information; mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning and memory |
| infundibulum | stalk that connects to the pituitary gland from the hypothalamus |
| function of hypothalamus? | autonomic control center for many visceral functions (blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility); emotional response: pleasure, fear, rage, biological rhythems and drives; regulates body temp, food intake, water balance, thirst |
| What regulates sleep and wake cycle? | hypothalamus |
| what controls release of hormones by the anterior pituitary? | hypothalamus |
| what effects transfer from short term memory to long term memory? | emotional state, rehearsal, association, and automatic memory |
| declarative memory | factual knowledge; related to concious thoughts and language ability |
| nondeclarative memory | acquired through experience and repetition; best remembered by doing; procedural skills, motor memory, and emotional memory |
| what brain structures are involved in declarative memory? | hippocampus and surrounding temporal lobes (access to memory); Ach from basal forebrain (memory formation and retrieval |
| what brain structures are involved in nondeclarative memory? | basal nuclei relay inputs to thalamus and premotor cortex, dopamine (procedural); cerebellum (motor memory); amygdala (emotional memory) |
| three regions of the brain stem? | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| function of the brain stem? | controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival; contains fiber tracts connecting higher and lower neural centers |
| whats the difference between the structure of the spinal cord and brain stem? | brain stem contains embedded nuclei |
| function of pons? | connect higher brain centers and spinal cord; relay impulses between motor cortex and cerebellum; help maintain normal rhythem of breathing |
| function of medulla oblongata? | autonomic reflex centers, cardiovascular center, respiratory center; vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, sneezing |
| pyramids (medulla oblongata) | two ventral longitudinal ridges formed by pyramidal tracts |
| decussation of the pyramids | crossover of corticospinal tracts |
| function of cerebellum? | dubconsciously provides timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction |
| dorsal column - medial lemniscal pathways | composed of paired fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis in spinal cord and medial lemniscus in the brain. transmit input to somatosensory cortex for touch and vibrations |
| anterolateral pathways | lateral and ventral spinothalamic tracts; transmits pain, temperature, course touch impulses |
| spinocerebellar tracts | ventral and dorsal tracts, convey information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum |
| upper motor neurons | pyramidal cells in primary motor cortex, involved in descending pathways and tracts |
| lower motor neurons | ventral horn motor neurons, innervate skeletal muscles; involved in descending pathways and tracts |
| direct (pyramidal) system | impulses from pyramidal neurons in the precentral gyri pass through pyramidal tracts, axons synapse w/interneurons or ventral horn motor neurons, direct pathway regulates fast an fine skilled movements |
| indirect (pyramidal) system | includes the brain stem motor nuclei, and all motor pathways except pyramidal pathways; also called multineuronal pathways |
| indirect (extrapyramidal) system | pathways are compex and multisynaptic |
| rubrospinal tract | indirect extrapyramidal system, controls flexor muscles |
| reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts | indirect extrapyramidal system, maintain balance |
| tectospinal tract | along w/superior colliculi, mediate head movements in response to visual stimuli |
| consciousness | clinically defined on a continuum that grades behavior in response to stimuli |
| cephalization | evolutionary development of the rostral (anterior) portion of the CNS |
| spina bifida | primary neurulation (failure of neural pore to close), midline fusion of neural plate; secondary neurulation (surface ectoderm fails to separate from neural tube, posterior portion of spinal cord w/o closing |
| Folic acid is essential for? | myelin basic protein production, membrane phospholipids, neurotransmitter production, organogenesis gene regulation |
| prosencephalon gives rise to? | telencephalon (cerebrun; cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, retina) |
| mesencephalon (midbrain) gives rise to? | brain stem; midbrain |
| rhombencephalon (hindbrain)gives rise to? | metecephalon (brain stem; pons, cerebellum); myelencephalon (brain stem, medulla oblongata |
| clinical outcomes of corpus callosum agenesis? | severe neuropsychiatric deficit |
| dysmorphic cerebellum leads to? | implicated in autism |
| score for transient ischemic attacks is based on? | ABCD^2 age, blood pressure, clinical duration, duration, diabetes |
| parasthesias | sensory loss |
| flaccid paralysis | severe damage to the ventral root or ventral horn cells; impulses dont reach muscles, no voluntary or involuntary control of muscles, muscles atrophy |
| spastic paralysis | damage to upper motor neurons of primary motor cortex, spinal neurons remain intact, muscles stimulated by reflex activity, no voluntary control |
| transection | cross sectioning of spinal cord at any level; total motor and sensory loss in regions inferior to cut |
| paraplegia | transection between t1 and L1 |
| quadriplegia | transection in cervical region |
| poliomyelitis | destruction of ventral horn motor neurons by poliovirus; muscles atrophy, death due to paralysis of repiratory or cardiac muscle; may develop postpolio syndrome |
Created by:
hberglund
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