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Clin Lab II
Urinalysis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four methods of urine collection | free catch, bladder expression, catheterization, cycstocentesis |
| Supplies for UA | Gloves, microscope, slides, cover slips, pipettes, centrifuge tubes, refractometer, sedi-stain |
| UA container label should include | Pt name, date, collection method |
| How long urine can be refrigerated | 6-12 hrs |
| Sample left at room temp can have | Increased bacteria, pH. Decreased glucose, biliruben. Crystal formation. |
| Physically observable properties of urine | Volume, color, odor, transparency, specific gravity |
| Factors influencing urine volume | Fluid intake, external loss (V+, D+), diet (carnivore, herbivore), environment (heat, humidity), size & species |
| Normal urine output for adult dogs and cats | 20-40 ml/kd/day |
| Reasons for polyuria | Diabetes Mellitus or Insipidus, nephritis, liver dz, diuretics (lasix) corticosteroids, fluids |
| Reasons for oliguria | Decreased water intake, pyrexia, shock, heart dz, dehydration |
| urinary pigment | urochromes |
| Pale yellow urine | low SG, decreased urine concentration |
| Very yellow urine | high SG, oliguria (yellow-brown) |
| Brown/Green urine | bile pigment (plus green foam) |
| Red/Brown urine | hematuria, hemoglobin |
| Brown urine | myoglobin |
| Orange | drugs, eg tetracycline |
| Horse urine is cloudy because | contains calcium carbonate crystals and mucus |
| Rabbit urine is cloudy because | contains calcium carbonate and triple phosphate crystals |
| Transparency can be described as | clear, slightly cloudy, cloudy, turbid, flocculent |
| Cloudy urine can be caused by | bacteria, crystals, RBCs, WBCs, epi cells, casts, mucus, fat, contaminants |
| Specific gravity defined as: | weight of quantity of liquid compared with that of an equal amt of distilled water |
| Normal dog specific gravity | 1.001 - 1.060, 1.025 typical |
| Normal cat specific gravity | 1.001 - 1.080 |
| Increased SG caused by | Shock, acuter renal failure, decreased water intake, increased excretion of urine solutes or increased fluid loss other than urination. |
| Decreased SG caused by | Diuretic therapy, renal dz, liver dz, diabetes, pyrometria-purulent, kidney inability to reabsorb water with increased fluid intake |
| Glomular filtrate SG | 1.008-1.012 |
| Isosthenuria | when urine SG approaches that of glomular filtrate |
| Increased H+ ions in urine | Increased acidity. pH >7 = alkaline, <7 = acidic |
| Factors increasing pH | diet, stress or excitement in cats |
| Factors decreasing pH | diet, fever, acidosis, starvation, muscular activity, prescription drugs |
| To test protein in urine | reagent strip then Protein Determination by Sulfosalicylic Acid Turbidity test and Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio |
| Additional causes for glucosuria | fear or excitement in cats, IV flds containing glucose, general anesthesia |
| False glucosuria positives occur w some meds | Vitamin C, morphine and derivatives, aspirin, penicillan, cephalasporins |
| Types of Ketones | Acetone, Acetoacetic Acid, Beta-hydroxybutyric acid |
| Bile pigments detected in urine | conjugated biliruben, urobilinogen |
| Bilirubin seen in urine with | liver dz, hemolytic anemia, obstruction of bile flow from liver to sm intestines |
| Hemoglobinuria usually result of | intravascular hemolysis. positive test for heomoglobin w out RBCs in urine sediment |
| Other causes of hemglobinuria | leptospirosis, babesiosis, toxic plants, incompatable blood transfusions, immune mediated hemolytic anemia, isoimmune hemolytic dz of neonates. |
| When running urine sediment look for | RBCs, WBCs, epi cells, casts, crystals |
| Lysed RBCs are referred to as | Ghost Cells |
| Fresh sample RBCs appear | small, round, smooth-edged, somewhat refractile, yellow-orange to clear. Creatination and slightly darker, almost grey in concentrated urine |
| Leukocytes | larger than RBCs, spherical dull gray or greenish-yellow. |
| Three types of epithelial cells | Squamous, transitional, renal |
| Casts are formed in | lumen of distal collecting tubules |
| Seven types of casts | Hyaline, granular, epithelial, leukocyte, erythrocyte, waxy, fatty |
| Hyaline casts | clear, colorless, transparent, made of protein, cylindrical, parallel sides, ROUNDED ENDS, mild renal irritation. Increase w fever, poor renal profusion, strenuous exercise, general anesthesia |
| Granular casts | hyaline casts with granules, most common, granules are epi cells, rbcs, wbc that become incorporated and degenerate. amt inc w nephritis. more severe than hyaline casts |
| Epithelial casts | epi cells from renal tubules imbedded in hyaline matrix. inc w acute nephritis or degeneration of renal tubular epithelium ie neoplasi or malignancy |
| Leukocyte casts | contain wbc, predominantly neutrophils, indicates inflammation of renal tubules |
| Erythrocyte casts | Deep yellow to orange in color, indicates renal bleeding |
| Waxy casts | wider than hyaline, SQUARE ENDS, dull homogenous, waxy appearance. HIGHLY REFRACTILE. indicate chronic, severe degeneration of tubules, renal failure |
| Fatty casts | Contain small droplets that appear as refractile bodies. seen in cats w renal dz, occassional in dogs w DM, lots suggest degeneration of renal tubules |
| Struvite crystals | triple phosphate or magnesium phosphate crystals. in slkealine to slightly acidic urine, 6-8 sided prisms like coffins |
| Amorphouse Phosphate | in alkaline urine. appear as granule precipitate |
| Calcium carbonate | in urine of horses and rabbits. of no clinical significance |
| Amorphous urates | seen in acidic urine. appear as granule precipitate |
| Ammonium biurate | in slightly acidic, neutral or alkaline urine, brown, round, long, irregular spicules. severe liver damage |
| Calcium oxalate | "x" on crystal, in acidic and neutral urine, in dogs and some horses, large nbr w ethylene glycol poisoning (antifreeze) |
| Uric acid | diamond to rhizoid shape, yellow or yellow-brown color, common only in dalmations |
| Leucine | looks like flower, animals w liver dz |
| Tyrosine | dark w needle projections, HIGHLY REFRACTILE, FOUND IN SMALL CLUSTERS, in animals w liver dz |
| Cystine | flat and six sided, colorless, assoc with renal tubular dysfunction, not refractile |
Created by:
mfjasp
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