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Pregnancy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The conceptus undergoes preembryonic development for about two weeks After fertilization, then | embryonic development from weeks 3-8, then fetal development from week 9 to birth. |
| An oocyte is fertilizable for up to 24 hours, most sperm are viable within the female reproductive track for up to | 48 Hours |
| Sperm must survive the hostile enviroment of the vagina and | become capacitated |
| Hundreds of sperm must release their acrosomal enzymes to break down the eggs corona radiate and | zona pellucida |
| To prevent polyspermy, | when one egg binds to receptors on the egg it triggers the cortical reaction then the slow block to polyspermy |
| Following sperm penetration | the secondary oocyte completes meiosis II then the ovum and sperm pronuclei fuse (fertilization), forming a zygote |
| Cleavage is a rapid series of miotic divisions without intervening growth, this begins with the | zygote and ends with a blastocyte. |
| The blastocyte consists of | the trophoblast and an inner cell mass |
| Cleavage produces a large number of cells with a | favorable surface- to -volume ratio |
| The trophoblast adheres to, digests, and implants in the | endometrium |
| Implantation is completed when then the blastocyst is | entirely surrounded by endometrial tissue, about 14 days after ovulation |
| hCG released by the trophoblast (than later by the chorion) maintains the corpus luteum and therefore the corpus luteum keeps on producing estrogen and | progesterone, preventing menses |
| Pregnancy tests use antibodies that detetect | hCG in a womans blood or urine |
| After 2 to 3 months the placenta takes over the production of progesterone and estrogen form the | corpus luteum. During this time hCG levels fall substantially and the corpus luteum |
| the placenta acts as the | respiratory, nutritive, and excretory organ of the fetus and produces the hormones of pregnancy |
| the ectrembryonic mesoderm (formed from the inner cell mass) and the cytotrophblast make up the | chorion |
| The chorion develops fingerlike chotionic villi, the cores of the chorionic villiwill eventually | develeop into umbilical arteries and veins |
| The chorionoic villi lay in blood filles lacunae in the | srtum functionalis layer of the endometrium |
| the part od the endometrium that lies between the chorionic villi and the sratum basalis (of the endometium) becomes | the decidua basalis |
| the placenta is formed from the | deciduas (maternal portion) and the chorionic villi (fetal portion) |
| Although the maternal and embryonic blood supplies are very close they | normally do not intermix |
| The amnion protects the embryo from | physical trauma, adhesion, formation, temperature swings, and allows fetal movements. |
| The yolk sac is the embryo's source of | primordial germ cells and early blood cells |
| the allantois is an outpocketing of the | yolk sac and is the stuctural basis for formation of the umbilical cord |
| Ectoderm forms the nervous system and the epidermis of the | skin and its derivatives |
| Endoderm forms the mucosa of the digestive and respiratory systems, and | all associated glands (thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, liver, pancreas). |
| Mesoderm forms all other tissues and organs that the | ectoderm and endoderm do not form |
| The first event of organogenisis is | neurulation, which produces the brain and spinal cord |
| The fetal cardiovascular system is formed during the | the embryonic period |
| the umbilical vein delivers | nutrient rich and oxygen rich blood to the embryo |
| the umbilical arteries deliver | nutrient poor, waste laden, and oxygen poor blood to the placenta |
| The ductus venosus allows most of the blood to | bypass the liver |
| The foramen ovale and ductus arterious | are pulmonary shunts |
| maternal reproductive organs and breasts become | increasingly vascularized during pregnancy and the breasts enlarge |
| the uterus eventually occuoies nearly the entire | abdominopelvic cavity |
| Abdominal organs are pushed superiorly and | encroach on the thoracic cavity |
| the increased abdominal mass changes the womens | center of gravity. lordosis and backaches are common |
| A waddling gait occurs as pelvic ligaments and joints are loosened by | placenta relaxin |
| A typical weight gain during pregnancy is | about 28 pounds |
| Human placental lactogen has anabolic effects and promotes | glucose sparing in the mother |
| Human chorionic thyotropin results in | maternal hypermetabolism |
| Many women suffer | morning sickness, heartburn, and constipation during pregnancy |
| During pregnancy, the kidneys produce more | urine and pressure on the bladder may cause frequency, urgency, and stress incontinence |
| During pregnancy vital capacity and respiratory rate | increase, but residual volume decreases dyspnea is common |
| During pregnancy total body water and blood volume | increase dramatically, heart rate and blood pressure rise, resulting in enhanced cardiac output. |
| During late pregnancy estrogen levels become higher and | induce oxytocin receptors on the myometrial cells and also inhibit progesterones quieting effect on uterine muscles. Weak irregular contractions begin. |
| During late pregnancy fetal cells produce oxytocin which | stimulates prostaglandin production by the placenta |
| As birth nears oxytocin and prostaglandin stimulate contraction of the uterine muscle the increasinf stress activates | the hypothalamus then releases oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which causes positive feedback loop, resulting in true labor |
| the dialation stage is from the onset of rhythmic | strong contractions until the cervix is fully dialated |
| the head of the fetus rotates as it | decends through the pelvic outlet |
| The expulsion stage extends from | full cervical dilation until birth of the infant |
| The placental stage is the delivery of the | afterbirth ( the placenta and attached fetal membranes) |
| the infants apgar score indicates | the infants physical condition and is recorded after the birth |
| After the imbilical cord is clamped | carbon dioxide accumulates in the infants blood, causing respiratory centers in the brain to trigger the first inspiration |
| Once the lungs are inflated | breathing is eased by the presence of surfactant, which decreases the surface tension of alveolar fluid |
| Inflation of the lungs causes | pressure changes in the circulation causing the umbilical arteries and vein ductus venous and ductus arteriosis to collapse and closes the foramen ovale |
| the occuladed blood vessels are converted to | fibrous cords the site of the foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis |
| the breasts are prepared for lactation during by | high blood levels of strogen progesterone and placental lactogen |
| Colostrum a premilk fluid is a | fat poor fluid that contains more protein , vitamen A, and minerals than true milk,, it is produced toward the end of the pregnancy and for the first two or three days after birth |
| True milk is produced around day three in response to suckling | which stimulates the hypothalmus to prompt anterior pituitary release and posterior pituitary release of oxytocin. |
| Prlactin stimulates | milk production oxytocin triggers milk let-down, continued breast feeding is required for continued milk production |
| At first ovulation and menses are absent or irregular during nursing,but | in most women the ovarian cycle can eventually be reestablished while still nursing. |
Created by:
beck7815
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