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Biology Final-G 2010
Biology Final - 1st Semester
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do ions form? | Atoms gain or lose electrons. |
| Which property of carbon makes it the "building block of life"? | Its 4 valence electrons (its covalent bonding). |
| What are the four main groups of carbon-based molecules? | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids. |
| Chemical reactions change substances into different substances by | breaking and forming bonds. |
| What is the term for substances that are changed during a chemical reaction? | Reactants |
| Tell how many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in the following atom. (Atomic #47; Atomic Mass 83) | Protons = 47, Electrons = 47, Neutrons = 36 |
| What determines how many covalent bonds two atoms can make? | Depends on how many electrons the atoms have. |
| Give 3 characteristics of water and the importance in nature of those characteristics. | 1. Cohesive - water flows for plants, blood, rivers. 2. Adhesive - binds to skin to cool us. 3. Changes temperature slowly - controls temperature in organisms. |
| Which phrase describes the function of the mitochondria? | Supplies energy to the cell (where glucose is changed to ATP). |
| Which features are unique to plant cells? | Cell walls and chloroplasts. |
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts are both sites of | energy manufacturing (both produce energy). |
| Water enters a cell when the solutions surrounding the cell is | hypotonic to the cell |
| Describe exocytosis. | A vesicle fuses to the cell membrance and its contents leave the cell. |
| Define photosynthesis. | The process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy. |
| Define Autotrophs (or producers) | Organisms that use energy from sunlight to make energy. |
| Define Heterotrophs (or consumers) | Organisms that get energy from consuming food. |
| Define cell respiration. | The process by which cells harvest energy from food. |
| Define Aerobic. | A process that requires oxygen. |
| Define Anaerobic. | A process that does not require oxygen. |
| Define Glycolysis. | The process by which glucose is broken to pyruvate. |
| Define Krebs Cycle (electrontransport) | Process of breaking pyruvate to ATP. |
| Define Fermentation. | The process of breaking down glucose without oxygen. |
| What would happen to your cells if a hypotonic solution were placed directly into the bloodstream? | It would fill your cells up with the solution (hydrate you, like an I.V. works). |
| What is diffusion and give an example of how temperature affects diffusion? | High temperatures speed up diffusion (examples - microwave example, skunk smell). |
| Why do muscle and brain cells have more mitochondria than other cells? | Muscle and brain cells are high energy users. |
| Describe how lactic acid is formed, when would we form it, and what would be the results of lactic acid formation. | When muscles are overworked and begin to burn glucose WITHOUT oxygen. Lactic acid is formed. Lactic acid formation causes sore muscles. |
| Name 3 things ATP is used for by the cell. | 1. muscle contractions 2. cell growth 3. reproduction 4. 5. |
| Two similar chromosomes that you inherit from your parents (one from your mother, one from your father) are called | Homologous chromosomes. |
| Human meiosis produces cells with how many chromosomes? | 23 |
| During interphase a cell grows, duplicates organelles, ... | copies DNA. |
| Define Cytokinesis. | What is the term used for the cytoplasm dividing in half. |
| Define Meiosis. | Process where chromosome number (#) is reduced to 23. |
| Name 2 fast reproducing cells of the human body. | Skin, intestines. |
| What is meiosis and what is it used for? | Division of sex cells to reduce the chromosome number. To produce gametes that are haploid. |
| What are stem cells and what are several possible uses of stem cells? | Undifferentiated cells. Used to treat spinal cord injuries, Diabetes, Alzheimers. Cloning uses potentially. |
| What is meiosis and what is it used for? | Division of sex cells to reduce the chromosome number. To produce gametes that are haploid. |
| What are stem cells and what are several possible uses of stem cells? | Undifferentiated cells. Used to treat spinal cord injuries, Diabetes, Alzheimers. Cloning uses potentially. |
| Draw a diagram of DNA replication. | (see Test CH.5-6, question #38) |
| Nexame 4 differences between mitosis and meiosis. | Mitosis - body cells, 2n-2n, exact copies, mutations cause cancer, chromosomes start at 46 and end at 46. Meiosis - sex cells, 2n-n, different copies, mutations cause birth defects, chromosomes start at 46 and end at 23. |
| Draw what is happening in prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telephase. | (see chart we drew on the Cell Cycle, or page #141. |
| (Example - dominant/recessive) In humans straight hair is recessive to wavy hair. What are the probabilities of 2 parents, one being heterozygous wavy, and the other homozygous straight? | (work problem). Answer is 50% wavy, 50% straight. |
| (Example - co-dominance) Snapdragons are flowers that show no dominance. Red is not dominant to white. A combination of the two is pink. Show the results of the following crosses. a. red x white b. red x pink | (work problem). Answer to a. = 100% pink Answer to B. = 50% red, 50% pink |
| (Example - blood types) Show the results of the following blood type crosses. a. heterozygous B x type O b. heterozygous A x type AB | (work problem). Answer to a. = 50% B type, 50% O Answer to b. = 50% A type, 25% B, 25% AB |
| (Example - dihybrids) Show the results of the following dihybrid cross if (T) tall is dominant to (t) short, and (G) green is dominant to (g) yellow. | (work problem). Result: 9 tall green, 3 tall yellow, 3 short green, 1 short yellow. |
| Define organism. | An individual living thing. |
| Define species. | Similar organisms that can interbreed. |
| Define homeostasis. | Another term for constancy or balance in the body. |
| Define system. | A group of interrelated parts that interact to form a whole. |
| Define cell. | The basic unit of life. |
| Define independent variable. | The variable in an experiment that is changed. |
| Define dependent variable. | The variable in an experiment that is measured. |
| In an experiment, students added same amount of food to ponds polluted by fertilizers and industrial waste. They measured fish growth and found most fish grow slowly in each of these environments. What part of experiment did they forget to include? | a control group. |
Created by:
KMcCoy
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