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Patho UTA
Endocrine disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cushing's syndrome | state of hypercortisolism & hyperaldosterinism caused by exogenous esteroids, & excess ACTH "pituitary tumor" Increased hyperglycemia due to cortisol, S&S of type II diabetes Cushinoid appareance, weigh gain, risk atherosclerosis |
| Sequela of hypercortisolism | Increased glyconolysis & gluconeogenesis Cushinoid apareance Abnormal protein metabolism bone cell break down interruption of arachinoid pathway peptic ulcer ez bleeding vasoconstriction depressed inmunocyte function |
| Sequelae of hyperaldosteronism | Increased H2O retention Hypokalemia hirsutism |
| Diagnosis of cushing's syndrome | draw cortisol levels at different times at day |
| Treatment of cushing's syndrome | withdraw or decrease exogenous esteroids Fix pituitary or adrenal tumor |
| Addison's disease | State of hypocortisolism & hypoaldosteronism Caused by autoinmune attack to adrenal gland or hypopituitarism |
| sequelae of hypocortisolism | hypoglycemia fatigue, anorexia, n,v,d, |
| Sequelae of hypoaldosteronism | increased excretion of Na and H2O, If severe hypotension ADDISONIAN CRISIS |
| addisonian crisis | severe dehydration & hypotension due to hypoaldosteronism |
| DM Diabetes mellitus | Hyperglycemia & glucosuria 3 P's polyurea polydipsia polyphagia two fasting bloww sugar levels above 126 keep A1C less than 7% normal is 4% |
| Type I diabetes | autoantibodies destroy pancreatic tissue NO INSULIN PRODUCTION No cellular energy source metabolic acidosis acetone breath kussmaul respiration diabetic coma is a extreme state "unconcious" Treatment is insulin daily |
| Type II diabetes | Increased fat cell is body cause resistance to insulin hyperinsulinemia b/c pancreas produce more insulin until B-cells run out HHNK: hyperglycemis-hyperosmolar-nonketotic state extreme state is diabetic coma treatment is weigh loss, drugs |
| Long term problems with diabetes mellitus | angiopathy macroangiopathy microangiopathy neuropathy phagocity damage from flucose toxicity |
| microangiopathy | damage to small vessels causes diabetis retinopathy Blurred vission blindess kidney arteriole leading to renal failure ez bruising |
| macroangiopathy | damage to medium and large vessels lead to stroke CAD aneurysm PAD |
| NEuropathy | due to angiopathic ischemia to nerves plus direct toxicity of glucose peripheral neuropathy: lead to high risk of trauma autonomis neuropathy: SILENT MI, gastroparesis bledder control problems |
| Metabolic syndrome | cluster condition that increase risk for heart dz, type II diabetes, high LDL & low HDL, HTN, abdominal obesity |
| blood sugar levels | 70 to 110 |
| Causes of hypoglycemia | decreased food intake & other nutritional factors, too much antidiabetic medication |
| Tx of hypoglycemia | orange juice, sugar, IV dextrose, Glucagon |
| Insulin shock | extreme state of hypoglycemia, "hypoglycemic coma" More dangerous than diabetic extreme state |
| Atherosclerosis | fat deposits in blood vessel making plaques |
| arteriosclerosis | stiffen thicken arteries due to HTN |
| Intermitent caudation | ischemic pain in the leg due to bad blood perfusion |
| Aneurysm | outpouching of arterial walls due to stiff non compliant arteries HTN |
| A-fib | chaotic impulses from the atria can produce emboli |
| Virchow's triad | 3 risk factor to get VTE Venous stasis Injury to lining of vein hypercoagulability |
| Venous disorders | produce peripheral edema, DVT and PE |
| Diagnosis of HF | BNP level. The more BNP the more HF there is |
| Left HF | Can't pump high afterload high preload poor perfusion pulmonary edema |
| Right HF | Cant pump high afterload high preload peripheral venous congetion EDEMA |
| Cor pulmonale | right HF that results from increased pulmonary resistance |
| Cardiogenic shock | shock caused by heart problem, Tx decrease afterload, and increase contractility |
| restrictive lung disease | cant get air into blood V cant get blood to alveoli Q Pneumotorax: lung collapse |
| atelectasis | seen in pneumonia and any situation of shallow breathing |
| Pulmonaru embolus | restrictive problem that cant get blood to alveoli resulting in high V/Q ratio |
| Obstructive dz | peak flow test is lower than normal cant get air out of lungs |
| Asthma & emphysema | mild respiratory alkalosis |
| chronic bronchitis | chronic respiratory acidosis |
| Asthma | genetic predisposition allergy to enviromental allergens narrowed airways wheezing upon exhalation |
| Emphysema COPD | cigarette smoke irritants large hyperinflated stiff lungs lost of elastic recoil Pink puffer thin barrel chest resp alkalosis |
| Chronic Bronchitis COPD | cigarette smoke irritants cant get air our of lungs patient stays cyanotic "blue" Cor pulmonae respiratory acidosis |
Created by:
EArteaga
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