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patho final UTA
GI disirders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gastritis | Inflamation of the stomach lining Due to ETHO (alcohol) NSAIDS |
| Chronic gastritis | autoinmune ethiology Sequela is development of pernicious anemia due to decreased production of intrinsic factor. |
| GERD | Reflux disease S&S heartburn, sometimes coughing |
| Barrett's esophagus | precancerous condition of Chronic GERD that develops disphagia of esophagus. |
| Hiatal hernia | protrusion of part of the stomach into thorax |
| PUD Peptic Ulcer disease | Chronic inflammation of stomach and/or duodenum. Results in break down of luminal lining and ulcerations |
| Causes of PUD | Most common H pilory NSAIDS, ETHO, Smoking, Chronic disease, genetics, bacteria ingested |
| S&S of PUD | Painless or pain after meals hematesis ( bloody stools "malena") anemia possible perforation |
| Treatment of PUD | antacids H2 blockers PPI's antibiotics |
| Crohn's disease IBD | Autoinmune inflamatory disease that affect ileum, cecum, eyes, and cause arthritis and vaculitis. S&S pattern of remissions and exacerbations of pain and bloody diarrhea possible sequela is intestinal obstruction, fistulas, perforation |
| IBD infalatory disease of bowel | Chronic inflammation of walls of intestines. Different from IBS "irritable wobowel syndrome" which os not a inflamatory disease 2 types Crohn's, ulceraive colitis |
| Ulcerative IBD | inflamation of rectal and sigmoid colon, can involve all colon NOT small intestines S&S Dehydration and patchy inflammatory areas |
| Types of intestinal obstruction | tumor, hernia slowed/ absent peristalsis ischemia/ strangulation |
| S&S of intestinal obstruction | pain distention, N, V, dehydration, electrolite imbalance, |
| treatment of intestinal obstruction | prevention by keeping patient as mobile as possible nasogastric tube to relieve distention fluid and electrolyte replacement surgery |
| Divertricular diseases | Divertriculosis: outpouchings of lower intestines into lumen. most of the time is asintomatic Divertriculitis: inflamation of divertricula by an infection. S&S LLQ pain, fever, leukocytosis |
| Appendicitis | inflamation of the apendix S&S periumbical pain RLQ pain N, V anorexia |
| Peritonitis | inflammation of peritoneum of abdomen occur with appendicitis or any other situation of spread inflammation or spilled gut content into abdomen S&S pain upon movement, rebound tenderness |
| Jaundice | deposition of excess bilirubin under skin, mucous membranes, & sclera of eyes it can be prehepatic, posthepatic and hepatic |
| prehepatic jaundice | too muc unconjugated bilirubin due to fast breack down of RBCs or erythroblastosis fetalis Lab work high bili serum high indirect bilirubin normal direct bilirubin |
| posthepatic jaundice | obstruction due to gall blader problems, tumor etc Lab work high bilirubin serum normal indirect bilirubin high direct bilirubin |
| hepatic jaundice | problem in the liver due to cirrhosis or hepatitis Lab work High or normal serum bili High unconjugated bilirubin low conjugated bilirubin |
| cholelithiasis | gallstones created by precipitation of substances in bile Seen on a CAT scan and ultrasound |
| cholecystitis of GB | infamation of the gall bladder due to stones in the GB Seen on a CAT scan and ultrasound |
| S&S of GB disorders | 4 Fs: fair, fat, forty fertile female biliaric colic RUQ that may radiate to shoulder positive murphy's sign leukocytosis if severe jaundice and high liver enzymes |
| treatment of GB dissorders | lithotripsy to disolve stones ERCP to remove stones Cholecystectomy if unavoidable |
| Positive Murphy's sign | Symptom of a gall bladder disorder |
| acute pancreatitis | infection or inflamation of pancreas caused bay either GB disease or ETHO increasing amylase and lipase If severe can cause severe vasopermeability of vessels in surrounding area |
| pancreatic cancer | highly malignant increase pancreatic enzymes such as lipase and amylase. |
| Cystic fibrosis | defective gene miscode cause viscous secretions in lungs, sweat glands and pancreas |
| S&S of cystic fibrosis | Lungs: SOB, cant cough up secretions, increased risk for infections Pancreas: clog normal flow of enzymes. patient must take pancreatic enzymes with meal |
| hepatitis | HAV: Acute Fever, malaise, Jaundice, transmitted oral/fecal, vaccine and inmunoglobulin available HBV: Insidious onset more devastating, transmitted by blood or body fluids, Vaccine available HCV: same as HBV, no vaccine often no S&S, can be transm |
| Cirrhosis | State of irreversible damage to hepatocytes, can be mild or severe. Causes: ETOH, drug use, Hepatitis, Chronic GB dz, Genetic disorder, hemochromatosis "Fe liver", Wilson's dz "Copper liver" |
| S&S cirrhosis | Inhability to carry out normal metabolic functions OR AND obstructive problems that cause resistance to venous flow & results in portal hypertension |
| Metabolic dysfunction of liver | Nutritional problems: Bile, fats, glycogen Protein metabolism: No albumin, periferal edema, no vit K, ez bleeding, Drugs: no ammonia to urea 'hepatic encephalopathy, ginecomasia, cushing's, edema, drug toxicity |
| Problems from portal hypertension | Ascites: venous blood can't flow through liver increasing hydrostatic pressure fluid leak into abdomen "swollen abdomen" |
| Splenomegaly | Back up pressure from portal HTN enlarging spleen. results in break down of RBCs, thrombocytes, leukopenia, anemia, ez bleeding, increased risk of infection |
| VArices | enlarged veins from back up pressure from portal HTN, causing esophageal varices and hemoroids |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | high ammonia levels from shunting of blood around liver that accumulates in the brain |
| Diagnosis of cirrhosis | elevated bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALP, liver bx "biopsy" |
| treatment to cirrhosis | Quit ETOH, LOW PROTEIN DIET, give diuretics, IV ALBUNIN, good nutrition, protect against infection |
| Fetal alcohol syndrome | Genetic changes due to environmental exposition |
| Autosomal recesive | normal allele is dominant Abnormal is recessive |
| Autosomal dominant | Normal allele is recesive Abnormal allele is dominant |
| Down syndrome | trisomy in allele 21 |
| Hemophilia | X-linked recessive dz Abnormal gene is recessive |
| McCardle's dz | can't have glycogenolysis as back up plan. Exercise intolerance |
| Scurvy | Lack of VIt C soft gums, loosing teeth |
| beriberi | lack of thiamine memory problems paresthesias |
| positive Chvostek | hyperrsponsiviness, muscle spasm, twiching due to hyperkalemia, hypernatremia and hypocalcemia |
| Antioxidants | destroy free radicals made by body: superoxide sismutase exogenous Vit C, E |
| Oncogene | What starts a cancer causing clonal proliferation |
| PSA | prostate specific antigen, Marker for dx of BPH |
| Philadelphia chromosome | short chromosome caused by chronic myelocytic leukemia |
| sjogrens disease | dry mouth, DRy eyes caused by autoimmune dz that attacks these glands |
| septic shock | acute extreme inflamation |
| Tissue specific autoinmune dz | graves, myasthenia gravis, goodpasture's syndrome, hemolytic anemia, type I diabetes, Multiple sclerosis, celiac dz |
| Lupus | systemic autoantibody that forms inmune complex attacking joints |
| erythroblastis fetalis | Rh - mon have a second Rh+ fetus. Give rhogam |
| Digeorge's AIDS | type of inmunocompetent dz T cell |
| ELISA | First test done for HIV patients |
| Western Blot | Confirmation of HIV positive after ALISA |
| AIDS dx | When CD4 cells are less than 200 and there is an oportunistic infection CMV retinitis thrush PCP pneumonia kaposi's sarcoma |
| Multiple myeloma | malignant plasma cells oversecrete immunoglobulinscausing osteoporosis and kidney stones |
| Hodgkin's, Non hodgkin's | cancer of the lymph nodes autoinmune dz |
| Microcytic anemia | Iron deficiency low RBCs low MCV |
| Macrocytic anemia | Lack of vit B12 & folate low RBCs High MCV "cells are bigger" PERNICIOUS ANEMIA |
| Normocytic anemia | low RBCs Normal MCV low erithropoiesis GIVE EPO |
| polycythemias | increased hematocrit due to too many RBCs can be genetic or compensatory smokers, altitude |
| hemophilia | congenital dz with lower level of certain coagulation factors |
| Thrombocitopenia | too few platelets |
| Willebrand dz | low levels of substance release by tissue |
| Thrombocytosis | high numbers of platelets, hypercuagulative state |
Created by:
EArteaga
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