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Endocrinology Final
Adrenal Cortex, Medulla, GI hormones, Pineal
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where is the adrenal gland located? | one on top of each of the two kidneys |
| What are the two components of the adrenal gland? | the outer cortex and the inner medulla |
| What are the two primordia that the adrenal gland forms from? | - cells of mesodermal origin - neural cells of ectodermal origin |
| Primordia 1/2: Cells of mesodermal origin | give rise to the steroid-secreting cortex cells |
| Primordia 2/2: neural cells of ectodermal origin | develop into the catecholamine-secreting tissue (also known as chromaffin tissue or the medulla) |
| Mesenchymal Cells (higher vertebrates) | -originate from the coelomic cavity near the genital ridge -proliferate to form a cluster of cells destined to be the adrenal cortex |
| Where does the adrenal medulla originate from? | the neural crest |
| What steroids does the adrenal cortex produce? | aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens |
| What does aldosterone act on? What is it's function? | acts on the kidneys -- controls the salt content of blood |
| What does cortisol act on? what is it's function? | acts on cells in many tissues in the body -- influences general metabolism, blood pressure, and appetite |
| Describe the fetal adrenal cortex | 10x's bigger than the adrenal cortex at birth -- contributes to estrogen production during fetal development |
| The fetal adrenal cortex lacks what? How is this dealt with? | it lacks the ability to convert pregnenolone to progesterone -- placental progesterone is donated for Aldosterone & Cortisol production |
| Name the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex (out to in): | zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, zona reticularis |
| Glomerulosa cells | contain aldosterone synthase - an enzyme found in these cells that converts corticosterone to aldosterone |
| Fasiculata cells | secrete glucocorticoids (primary cortisol) |
| Reticularis cells | secrete large amounts of sex steroid precursors (androgens) |
| What dictates the type of steroid hormone produced by a particular adrenal cortex cell? | the types of steroidogenic enzymes express in that cell |
| What do glucocorticoids do? | promote gluconeogenesis and antagonize insulin action to maintain plasma glucose and liver glycogen; work with glucagon to prevent basal plasma levels from falling too low between meals |
| Glucocorticoids work with glucagon to do what? | prevent basal plamsa glucose levels from falling too low between meals |
| What do mineralocorticoids do? | promote sodium retention and potassium |
| Adrenaline as part of the "fight or flight" response | works in the short term -- increases available glucose |
| Cortisol as part of the "fight or flight" response | has large momentum and works in the long term -- increases available blood glucose |
| What effect do the glucocorticoids have? | act slowly on the cell nucleus, changing the patterns of gene expression, and leading to: increased protein breakdown, increased lypolysis, and increased gluconeogenesis |
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