Question 1

Robert Hooke

Accepted Answer

-observed the first microorganisms
- the beginning of cell theory

Question 2

cell theory is

Accepted Answer

the theory that all living things are composed of cells.

Question 3

Anton van Leeuwenkook was

Accepted Answer

probably the first to observe live microorganisms. 
-called them animalcules

Question 4

Spontaneous generation is the belief

Accepted Answer

that some forms of life can arise from nonliving matter.

Question 5

Francesco Redi was an

Accepted Answer

opponent of spontaneous generation.

Question 6

In Francesco Redis experiment, he concluded

Accepted Answer

maggots only appeared when when flies were allowed to leave their eggs on the meat.

Question 7

Biogenesis is the claim

Accepted Answer

that living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells.

Question 8

Microbiology is the study of

Accepted Answer

microbes

Question 9

John Needham Upholds spotaneous generation

Accepted Answer

when he finds that heated (boiling) nutrient broth poured into covered flasks, gave rise to microbes

Question 10

Spallanzani sugggests

Accepted Answer

air microbes enter Needham’s solutions after boiling while cooling.
-carries out the same experiment, but cover flask.

Question 11

Critiques argue:

Accepted Answer

-O2 was boiled off
-they thought all organisms needed & was a “vital force.”  
-Sealing the flasks prevented its return.

Question 12

Rudolf Virchow challenges spontaneous generation

Accepted Answer

with his concept of “biogenesis,” the claim that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells.

Question 13

John Tyndalls experiment showed

Accepted Answer

that air could be sterilized by settling without any treatment that would prevent the “vital force” from acting.

Question 14

Louis Pasteur used his famous

Accepted Answer

swan-necked flasks” to finally dispel the belief of spontaneous generation.

Question 15

Pasteur's experiment showed that

Accepted Answer

- microbes are present in non-living matter (air, solid, liquids)
-microbes can be destroyed by heat
-methods can be devised to block access of airborne microbes to nutrient environs.

Question 16

Aseptic technique

Accepted Answer

techniques to prevent the contamination by unwanted microbes

Question 17

The Golden Age of Microbiology is between

Accepted Answer

1857 and 1914.

Question 18

Recognition that microbes must be introduced into a medium before their growth can be observed, paved the way for further advancement of microbiology

Accepted Answer

their growth can be observed, paved the way for further advancement of microbiology

Question 19

Pasteur discovered that carefully selected yeasts made good wine

Accepted Answer

by turning sugars into alcohol in the absence of air – “fermentation”.

Question 20

Pasteur was the 1st to realize that there was a link between the

Accepted Answer

activity of microbes and physical & chemical changes in organic materials.

Question 21

Germ Theory of Disease states

Accepted Answer

that microorganisms (germs) can invade other organisms and cause disease.

Question 22

Pateur discovered

Accepted Answer

-microbes to ferment sugars into vinegar
-devised the technique of “Pasteurization” to cure sick wine

Question 23

Pasteur was the first person to associate a specific microorganism (protozoan) with a

Accepted Answer

particular disease.  This was an important step in proving the germ theory of disease.

Question 24

In 1876, Robert Koch first proofed that

Accepted Answer

bacteria cause disease: identified the type of bacteria causing anthrax

Question 25

Koch postulates

Accepted Answer

actively dividing cells and dormant cells called spores

Question 26

Kochs postulates

Accepted Answer

1. The specific causative agent must be found in every case of the disease.
2. The disease organism must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.

Question 27

Ignaz Semmelweis brought to light

Accepted Answer

the importance of hand washing

Question 28

Joseph Lister initiates the use of a dilute phenol on bandages &

Accepted Answer

surgical instruments to reduce infection (1867).

Question 29

Immunology is the study of immunity or the protection from disease provided

Accepted Answer

by vaccination or by recovery from the disease itself

Question 30

Edqard Jenner conducted

Accepted Answer

the first inoculation.

Question 31

Virology is the study

Accepted Answer

of viruses

Question 32

Chemotherapy is

Accepted Answer

the treatment of disease by using chemical substances

Question 33

Paul Ehrlich was a pioneer in the

Accepted Answer

development of chemotherapy for infectious diseases.

Question 34

Magic bullet is a drug that

Accepted Answer

kills the selected bacteria and doesn't hurt the host.

Question 35

Alexander Fleming discovered that

Accepted Answer

Penicillium mold inhibited the growth of bacteria on a culture plate.

Question 36

Light rays from an illuminator pass threw a

Accepted Answer

condenser.

Question 37

Condenser direct the

Accepted Answer

light rays through the specimen.

Question 38

From condenser light rays pass through

Accepted Answer

the objective lens.

Question 39

The objective lens is

Accepted Answer

closest to the specimen.

Question 40

The ocular lens or eye piece magnifies

Accepted Answer

the specimen after the objective lens.

Question 41

Total magnification can be calculated by

Accepted Answer

multiplying the ocular lens magnification with the with the objective lens magnification

Question 42

Resolution is the ability to

Accepted Answer

see two separate items as separate & discrete units

Question 43

The shorter the wave length of light

Accepted Answer

the greater the resolution

Question 44

The refractive index is a measure of

Accepted Answer

the light bending ability of a medium

Question 45

The refractive indexes of the glass slide and the oil are the

Accepted Answer

same.

Question 46

When an oil immersion objective lens is used

Accepted Answer

light rays don't refract when passing from one medium to another.

Question 47

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells both have

Accepted Answer

-nucleic acids, protiens, lipids, and carbs
-they used the same kind of chemical reactions to metabolize food, build proteins, store energy

Question 48

In Prokaryotic cells DNA is located in

Accepted Answer

“nuclear region” not 	surrounded by a membrane

Question 49

Eukaryotic cells lack

Accepted Answer

enclosed membranes and histones

Question 50

Eukaryotic cells have

Accepted Answer

peptidoglycan cell walls

Question 51

Cell division is via

Accepted Answer

binary fission

Question 52

In eukaryotic cells DNA is located in a

Accepted Answer

“nucleus” surrounded by a membranous nuclear envelope.

Question 53

In a eukaryotic cell organelles are surrounded

Accepted Answer

by one or more membranes and have histones.

Question 54

Eukaryotic cells have a

Accepted Answer

polysaccharide cell wall.

Question 55

Cell division occurs via

Accepted Answer

mitosis/meiosis.

Question 56

Prokaryotes are

Accepted Answer

among the smallest of all organisms

Question 57

No internal part of prokaryotic cell is far from surface & nutrients can

Accepted Answer

easily and quickly reach all parts of cell.

Question 58

The gycocalyx is made of

Accepted Answer

-complex polysaccharides, proteins, or both.
-usually sticky
-outside the cell wall
-secreted outside the cell wall, made on the inside

Question 59

A capsule is

Accepted Answer

neatly organized & firmly attached to cell wall.

Question 60

A slime layer is

Accepted Answer

unorganized & loosely attached to cell wall.

Question 61

Extracellular polysaccharide allows cells to

Accepted Answer

-attach to each other, protects against drying out
-traps nutrients
-allows for adherence to objects in their environment.

Question 62

Capsules prevent

Accepted Answer

phagocytosis and increase virulence.

Question 63

Flagella is located

Accepted Answer

outside the cell wall

Question 64

Flagella filament is made of

Accepted Answer

chains of flagellin and attached to a protein hook.

Question	Answer
Robert Hooke	-observed the first microorganisms - the beginning of cell theory
cell theory is	the theory that all living things are composed of cells.
Anton van Leeuwenkook was	probably the first to observe live microorganisms. -called them animalcules
Spontaneous generation is the belief	that some forms of life can arise from nonliving matter.
Francesco Redi was an	opponent of spontaneous generation.
In Francesco Redis experiment, he concluded	maggots only appeared when when flies were allowed to leave their eggs on the meat.
Biogenesis is the claim	that living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells.
Microbiology is the study of	microbes
John Needham Upholds spotaneous generation	when he finds that heated (boiling) nutrient broth poured into covered flasks, gave rise to microbes
Spallanzani sugggests	air microbes enter Needham’s solutions after boiling while cooling. -carries out the same experiment, but cover flask.
Critiques argue:	-O2 was boiled off -they thought all organisms needed & was a “vital force.” -Sealing the flasks prevented its return.
Rudolf Virchow challenges spontaneous generation	with his concept of “biogenesis,” the claim that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells.
John Tyndalls experiment showed	that air could be sterilized by settling without any treatment that would prevent the “vital force” from acting.
Louis Pasteur used his famous	swan-necked flasks” to finally dispel the belief of spontaneous generation.
Pasteur's experiment showed that	- microbes are present in non-living matter (air, solid, liquids) -microbes can be destroyed by heat -methods can be devised to block access of airborne microbes to nutrient environs.
Aseptic technique	techniques to prevent the contamination by unwanted microbes
The Golden Age of Microbiology is between	1857 and 1914.
Recognition that microbes must be introduced into a medium before their growth can be observed, paved the way for further advancement of microbiology	their growth can be observed, paved the way for further advancement of microbiology
Pasteur discovered that carefully selected yeasts made good wine	by turning sugars into alcohol in the absence of air – “fermentation”.
Pasteur was the 1st to realize that there was a link between the	activity of microbes and physical & chemical changes in organic materials.
Germ Theory of Disease states	that microorganisms (germs) can invade other organisms and cause disease.
Pateur discovered	-microbes to ferment sugars into vinegar -devised the technique of “Pasteurization” to cure sick wine
Pasteur was the first person to associate a specific microorganism (protozoan) with a	particular disease. This was an important step in proving the germ theory of disease.
In 1876, Robert Koch first proofed that	bacteria cause disease: identified the type of bacteria causing anthrax
Koch postulates	actively dividing cells and dormant cells called spores
Kochs postulates	1. The specific causative agent must be found in every case of the disease. 2. The disease organism must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
Ignaz Semmelweis brought to light	the importance of hand washing
Joseph Lister initiates the use of a dilute phenol on bandages &	surgical instruments to reduce infection (1867).
Immunology is the study of immunity or the protection from disease provided	by vaccination or by recovery from the disease itself
Edqard Jenner conducted	the first inoculation.
Virology is the study	of viruses
Chemotherapy is	the treatment of disease by using chemical substances
Paul Ehrlich was a pioneer in the	development of chemotherapy for infectious diseases.
Magic bullet is a drug that	kills the selected bacteria and doesn't hurt the host.
Alexander Fleming discovered that	Penicillium mold inhibited the growth of bacteria on a culture plate.
Light rays from an illuminator pass threw a	condenser.
Condenser direct the	light rays through the specimen.
From condenser light rays pass through	the objective lens.
The objective lens is	closest to the specimen.
The ocular lens or eye piece magnifies	the specimen after the objective lens.
Total magnification can be calculated by	multiplying the ocular lens magnification with the with the objective lens magnification
Resolution is the ability to	see two separate items as separate & discrete units
The shorter the wave length of light	the greater the resolution
The refractive index is a measure of	the light bending ability of a medium
The refractive indexes of the glass slide and the oil are the	same.
When an oil immersion objective lens is used	light rays don't refract when passing from one medium to another.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells both have	-nucleic acids, protiens, lipids, and carbs -they used the same kind of chemical reactions to metabolize food, build proteins, store energy
In Prokaryotic cells DNA is located in	“nuclear region” not surrounded by a membrane
Eukaryotic cells lack	enclosed membranes and histones
Eukaryotic cells have	peptidoglycan cell walls
Cell division is via	binary fission
In eukaryotic cells DNA is located in a	“nucleus” surrounded by a membranous nuclear envelope.
In a eukaryotic cell organelles are surrounded	by one or more membranes and have histones.
Eukaryotic cells have a	polysaccharide cell wall.
Cell division occurs via	mitosis/meiosis.
Prokaryotes are	among the smallest of all organisms
No internal part of prokaryotic cell is far from surface & nutrients can	easily and quickly reach all parts of cell.
The gycocalyx is made of	-complex polysaccharides, proteins, or both. -usually sticky -outside the cell wall -secreted outside the cell wall, made on the inside
A capsule is	neatly organized & firmly attached to cell wall.
A slime layer is	unorganized & loosely attached to cell wall.
Extracellular polysaccharide allows cells to	-attach to each other, protects against drying out -traps nutrients -allows for adherence to objects in their environment.
Capsules prevent	phagocytosis and increase virulence.
Flagella is located	outside the cell wall
Flagella filament is made of	chains of flagellin and attached to a protein hook.
Flagella are anchored to the wall and membrane by	the basal body.
To move flagella	-bundle -rotate -tumble
Flagella help bacteria to move	toward or away from stimuli (taxis), favorable environments.
Chemotaxis is	moving towards or away from a chemical stimuli.
Receptors (transducers) on bacterial cell surface can detect	changes in concentration over time.
Phototaxis moving towards a	light stimuli.
Axial filaments are also called	endoflagella.
Endoflagella are only located in	spirochetes.
Each endofilament is anchored	one of its ends to an end of the cytoplasmic cylinder
Axial filament twisting	causes corkscrew-like rotation of rigid body.
Pilli are located in	gram negative bacteria
pilli are tiny,hollow, projections	used to attach bacteria to surfaces
Fimbrae are short attachment pilli	allows for adhesion to different surfaces (↑ pathogenicity, pellicle)
F pilli or sex pilli are long conjugation	are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another
Conjugation allows	for genetic variety in bacteria
cell wall surrrounds	the cell membrane
Maintains characteric	shape of cell, prevents osmotic lysis
Cell wall is highly porous & does not play a	major role in regulating entry of materials into cell.
Peptidoglycen is the most	important component of bacterial cell wall. -thick in gram+/thin in gram -
Peptidoglycen forms a supporting	net around bacteria
Teichoic acid is made of	glycerol, phosphates, & ribitol sugar. -absent ins gram -
teichoic acid provides attachment sites for	phage & probably serves as a passageway for movement of ions into and out of cell
Lipids are present in	gram - and very little is present in gram +
LPS provides gram - bacteria with	polysaccarides which function as antigens and are used to distinguish species of gram- bacteria.
Outer membrane is a	phospholipid bilayer membrane attached to peptidoglycan via lipoprotein molecules -forming outermost layer of cell wall.
OM acts as a course sieve and	controls transport of certain proteins via porin channels in OM
OM makes Gram - less susceptible to	penicillin because OM inhibits its entry.
The outer surface of OM	has surface antigens & receptors.
Periplasmic space is a gap between	cell membrane & cell wall of Gram(-)s.
Periplamic space contains	peptidoglycan and many digestive enzymes & transport proteins.
Plasma membrane is composed of	proteins and a phospholipid bilayer that forms the boundary between a cell and its environment.
The primary function of the plasma membrane is the	regulation of the movement of materials into or out of cell by acting as a selective barrier (selective permeability),
Catabolic reactions supplies	building blocks and atp(energy)
Anabolic reactions of growth	repair and reproduction.
Catabolic reactions provide	building blocks for anabolic reactions.
anabolic reactions are coupled to ATP breakdown and	catabolic reactions are coupled to ATP synthesis.
enzymes serve as	catalysts
The surface of the substrates contact the	active site
the temporary intermediate compound forms	the enzyme substrate complex
substrate is transformed into	products.
the products are released and	the enzyme is recovered and unchanged.
Temperature can cause	the denaturation of an enzyme.
Ph that is is too high or too low can	can cause denaturation of proteins.
The rate of reaction can be influenced by	substrate concentration.
Competitive inhibitors fill the active site of an enzyme	and compete with the normal substrate for the active site.
Noncompetitive inhibitors don't compete with the substrate	for the enzymes active site but they interact with another part of the enzyme.
allosteric site	site other than the substrates binding site
A cellular control mechanism in which an enzyme that catalyzes the production of a particular substance in the cell is inhibited when that substance has accumulated to	a certain level, thereby balancing the amount provided with the amount needed.
during substrate level phosporylation, a	high energy P from an intermediate catabolism is added to ADP.
During oxidative phosphorylation energy is released as electrons pass to a series of	electron acceptors (an electron transport chain) and finally to O2 or another organic compound.
In photophosphorylation,energy from light is trapped in chlorophyll and electrons are	passed through a series of electron acceptors. the electron transfer releases energy used for synthesis of atp.
First stage of glycolysis	1. Breakage of 6 C molecule to two 3 C molecules
second stage of glycolysis	2. Transfer of two electrons to NAD+ coenzyme
third stage of glycolysis	3. Substrate level phosphorylation
Fourth stage of glycolysis	4. Capture of energy in 4 ATPS (2 net)

"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:

micro final