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Chapter 17 Bio
Question | Answer |
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Briefly explain how information flows from gene to protein (the dogma of molecular biology) | The central dogma of molecular biology is the concept that cells are governed by a cellular chain of command: RNA is the intermediate between genes and the proteins for which they code |
Explain what it means to say that the genetic code is redundant and unambiguous | The genetic code is redundant but not ambiguous; no codon specifies more than one amino acid |
Include the following terms in a description of transcription: mRNA, | Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of mRNA. |
Include the following terms in a description of transcription:RNA polymerase | RNA synthesis is catalyzed by RNA polymerase, which pries the DNA strands apart and hooks together the RNA nucleotides |
Include the following terms in a description of transcription: the promoter | The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches is called the promoter |
Include the following terms in a description of transcription: the terminator | The sequence signaling the end of transcription is called the terminator |
Include the following terms in a description of transcription: the coding sequence | The stretch of DNA that is transcribed is called the coding region or coding sequence (abbreviated CDS) |
Include the following terms in a description of transcription: exons and introns | These non-coding regions are called introns The coding regions are called exons because they are eventually expressed, usually translated into amino acid sequences |
Include the following terms in a description of translation: tRNA, ribosomes, codon, anticodon | Each tRNA carries a specific amino acid on one end. Each tRNA has an anti-codon on the other end; the anti-codon is complementary to the codon on mRNA. |
Have an understanding of what in means to be “in frame” as well as frameshift, nonsense, missense and silent mutations | Silent mutations have no effect on the amino acid produced by a codon because of redundancy in the genetic code Missense mutations still code for an amino acid, but not necessarily the right amino acid |
Have an understanding of what in means to be “in frame” as well as frameshift, nonsense, missense and silent mutations | Nonsense mutations change an amino acid codon into a a stop codon, nearly always leading to a nonfunctional protein |