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Biology 100-3

genes and mutations

QuestionAnswer
genetic code set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) is translated into proteins (amino acid sequences) by living cells
Mutations in the structure of genes can be classified as: Silent mutations: which code for the same amino acid. Missense mutations: which code for a different amino acid. Nonsense mutations: which code for a stop and can truncate the protein.
Define Insertions? Insertions add one or more extra nucleotides into the DNA. They are usually caused by transposable elements, or errors during replication of repeating elements (e.g. AT repeats
Define/ differentiate replication, transcription In Replication an exact copy of DNA is generated. In Transcription, a temporary copy of the DNA is made as RNA and RNA contains uracil in place of thymidine in DNA.
What does replication and transcription do? 3. They occur for entirely different purposes. Replication for the purpose of creating 2 new daughter cells from a single cell. Transcription for the purpose of making protein or other things for the cell.
What does translation do? DNA translation can be defined as the process that "translates" the information contained in the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) to facilitate polypeptide or protein synthesis.
Your text states that there is redundancy in the genetic code but no ambiguity. Which of the following examples illustrates redundancy in the genetic code? Example: GUU = Valine, GUG = Valine Redundancy means that two codons may code for the same amino acid.
Which set of molecules is required for transcription? RNA polymerase, RNA nucleotides, DNA.
define promoter, terminator? The promoter is the region on the DNA to which RNA polymerase attaches to initiate transcription. The terminator is the region on the DNA where the RNA polymerase detaches from the RNA molecule and the gene.
In eukaryotic cells, mRNA molecules are processed in the nucleus before transport to the cytoplasm. Such processing may include RNA splicing of exons.
The molecule that actually translates the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins is: tRNA
A fully assembled ribosome is fully capable of? Is capable of holding two molecules of tRNA and one molecule of mRNA
Elongation occurs in a three-step process of : codon recognition, peptide bond formation, and translocation.
Polynucleotides tend to be very long and can have any sequence of nucleotides. As a result: DNA stores genetic information digitally as a sequence of nucleotides.
a) An example of a silent mutation is: b) An example of a missense mutation is: c)An example of a nonsense mutation is: a)ACU → ACC b)GUU → GCU c)UGC → UGA
Tight packing of DNA: Prevents gene expression
what is Alternative RNA splicing? No. Alternative RNA splicing allows a gene to code for more than one polypeptide.
A malignant tumour is more dangerous than a benign tumour because Its cells have acquired the capacity to invade other tissues.
An oncogene is similar to: Activation of a proto-oncogene and inactivation of a tumour suppressor gene
Explain how a mutation in a proto-oncogene can contribute to the formation of a cancerous tumor 1)A mutation within a proto-oncogene, * an increase in protein (enzyme) activity * a loss of regulation
how a mutation in a proto-oncogene can contribute to the formation of a cancerous tumor? Part2 2)a gene duplication (one type of chromosome abnormality), resulting in an increased amount of protein in the cell * a gene duplication (one type of chromosome abnormality), resulting in an increased amount of protein in the cell
how a mutation in a proto-oncogene can contribute to the formation of a cancerous tumor? Part3 3) A chromosomal translocation (another type of chromosome abnormality), causing an increased gene expression in the wrong cell type or at wrong times # an increased gene expression in the wrong cell type or at wrong times
Created by: vta8
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